Chromium supplemented carbohydrate diets for Cirrhinus mrigala: effects on body composition, gut enzyme activity and hematological parameters

A ninety days nutritional trial was directed to explore the effects of dietary chromium on body composition, gut enzyme activity and physiological status of Cirrhinus mrigala by using G & NG corn. Six experimental diets were prepared by using different levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate (0, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg, each with G & NG corn). For this experimental trial, 480 fingerlings, irrespective of sex were distributed in six aquariums each with replicate. Results revealed that gelatinized corn along with increasing level of Cr2Cl3.6H2O have a positive impact upon body composition of fish. Hematology was positively correlated with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplementation in gelatinized corn. Amylase gut enzyme also showed significant (P<0.05) increase in group fed with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplemented diet (G corn). However, corn with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplementation did not revealed any significant impact on gut protease enzyme activity. From these results it can be concluded that both chromium chloride hexahydrate and gelatinized corn in fish feed are very beneficial to improve body composition, enzymes activity and physiological health status of fish.

Increasing anhydrous chromium chloride concentration in AlCl3–EMIC ionic liquid: a step towards non-hydrogen-embrittlement chromium electroplating

Electroless deposition of metallic Cr on an Al substrate proves the thermodynamic feasibility of Cr electroplating.

Genotoxicity of chromium (III) and cobalt (II) and interactions between them

Introduction. Chromium and cobalt are essential trace elements that are required only in a small amount, otherwise their excess can cause toxic effects. Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of chromium (III) and cobalt (II) and their combinations on genotoxicity in human fibroblasts cells (BJ). Material and methods. In this work, comet and micronucleus assays were used. The BJ cells were exposed to chromium chloride and cobalt chloride at concentration ranges from 100 to 1400 µM. Mixtures of these elements were prepared so as to examine interactions between them. Results. The present study shows the genotoxic effects of chromium (III) and cobalt (II) and their mixtures on BJ cells. In the comet assay, no comets were observed at the lowest concentrations; in the higher, a significant increase in their percentage was observed. In the other assay (formation of micronuclei), a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with micronuclei was observed in the BJ cells spiked with cobalt chloride and chromium chloride. In the case of simultaneous incubation of chromium chloride at 200 µM and cobalt chloride at 1000 µM in the BJ line, antagonism was observed. However, the interaction of chromium chloride at the 1000 µM and cobalt chloride at 200 µM leads to synergism between the studied elements. Conclusions. Cobalt (II) and chromium (III) show genotoxic properties, they induce breaks in double and single-stranded DNA and they cause formation of AP-sites that do not have purine or pyrimidine bases.

Apparent nutrient digestibility of carbohydrate (corn) in Cirrhinus mrigala under the influence of chromium chloride hexahydrate

A feeding trial was carried out to assess the effect of dietary chromium supplementation on apparent nutrient digestibility coefficient (%) of gelatinized and non-gelatinized corn in Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings for 90 days. Using various levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate six test diets designated as T1 (G/0.0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T2 (NG/0.0 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T3 (G/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T4 (NG/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1), T5 (G/0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) and T6 (NG/0.4 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg Kg-1) were prepared. Results showed highest apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of nutrients dry matter, crude lipid and gross energy in test diet T5 that was gelatinized and supplemented with chromium 0.4 mg/Kg while, for crude protein higher value of nutrient digestibility was recorded in T3 test diet (G/0.2 Cr2Cl3.6H2O mg/Kg). It was concluded that chromium supplementation with gelatinized corn in fish (Cirrhinus mrigala) diet can improve the nutrients digestibility more efficiently.

The structure and switchable dielectric properties of a dabco complex with chromium chloride

We report a metal–organic material of the following formula [DabcoH22+]·CrCl3(H2O)3·2(Cl−) (DabcoH22+ = C6H14N22+, diprotonated 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octanium).

Catalytic Conversion of Sugarcane Bagasse into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

Furan derivatives especially 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural has recently been regarded as one important precursor for the production of biofuels and biobased compounds. Aims: The aim of this study was to convert sugarcane bagasse into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using Tetrabutylammonium bromide, Tetramethylammonium chloride and metal chlorides (chromium chloride, copper chloride, ferric chloride and cobalt chloride) in dimethylsulphoxide; using different reaction time and temperatures. Study Design: The design of this study includes preparation of two different systems of catalyst to convert sugarcane bagasse into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Place and Duration of Study: This study conducted at Department of Applied and Industrial Chemistry, International University of Africa- Sudan, between 2017 and 2019. Methodology: Two different catalytic systems were prepared to convert sugarcane bagasse into 5-hydroxymethylfurfaural, the first system Tetrabutylammonium bromide and metal chlorides (Chromium chloride, copper chloride, ferric chloride and cobalt chloride) in dimethyl sulphoxide; the second system tetrametheylammonium chloride and same metal chlorides in dimethylsulphoxide. The conversion of sugarcane bagasse was conducted at temperatures 100, 130 and 150°C; in addition to reaction times 60, 90 and 120 min. Results: The obtained results indicated that the yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was high 53.41% at 150°C and 120 min reaction time when chrome chloride was used in Tetrabutylammonium bromide and dimethylsulphoxide as co-solvent; although the highest yield 89.23%, was noted also at same condition, when chromium chloride was used in Tetramethylammonium chloride and dimethylsulphoxide as co-solvent. Conclusion: Based on these results chromium chloride was considered the best catalyst for yielding 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from sugarcane bagasse in both Tertabutylammonium bromide and Tetramethylammonium chloride; but is best in Tetramethylammonium chloride.

Recent Advances in Chromium-Catalyzed Organic Transformations

The use of simple and low-cost chromium chloride salts as catalysts or precatalysts for the development of cost-effective methods is of significant synthetic and mechanistic interest. Here, recent advances in chromium-catalyzed organic transformations are highlighted.1 Introduction2 Arylmagnesiation of Alkynes3 Catalytic Functionalization of C(aryl)–O Bonds4 Catalytic Functionalization of C(aryl)–N Bonds5 Catalytic Functionalization of C(aryl)–H Bonds6 NHK-Type Reactions7 Hydrogenation8 Conclusions