Metformin hydrochloride entrapment in sorbitan monostearate for intestinal permeability enhancement and pharmacodynamics

Penetration enhancement of metformin hydrochloride via its molecular dispersion in sorbitan monostearate microparticles is reported. This represents basic philosophy to maximize its entrapment for maximum penetration effect. Drug dispersion in sorbitan monostearate with different theoretical drug contents (TDC) were prepared. Products showed excellent micromeritics and actual drug content (ADC) increased by increasing TDC. The partition coefficient of the drug products showed huge improvement. This indicates the drug entrapped in the polar part of sorbitan monostearate as a special image which effects on the drug release. The drug permeation profiles from the different products are overlapped with nearly equal permeation parameters. The permeation results suggested the main driving force for improving the drug paracellular pathway is its dispersion in sorbitan monostearate and is independent of ADC. Pharmacodynamic of the products showed a significant improvement than the drug alone at p ˂ 0.05. ANOVA test indicated the insignificant pharmacodynamic difference between the low, middle, and high ADC of the products. An excellent correlation founded between the drug permeation and pharmacodynamic precents. Drug permeation driving force via the paracellular pathway is its entrapment in sorbitan monostearate and independent on ADC. The technique is simple and the products had excellent micromeritics.

Electron penetration triggering interface activity of Pt-graphene for CO oxidation at room temperature

Achieving CO oxidation at room temperature is significant for gas purification but still challenging nowadays. Pt promoted by 3d transition metals (TMs) is a promising candidate for this reaction, but TMs are prone to be deeply oxidized in an oxygen-rich atmosphere, leading to low activity. Herein we report a unique structure design of graphene-isolated Pt from CoNi nanoparticles (PtǀCoNi) for efficiently catalytic CO oxidation in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. CoNi alloy is protected by ultrathin graphene shell from oxidation and therefore modulates the electronic property of Pt-graphene interface via electron penetration effect. This catalyst can achieve near 100% CO conversion at room temperature, while there are limited conversions over Pt/C and Pt/CoNiOx catalysts. Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that CO will saturate Pt sites, but O2 can adsorb at the Pt-graphene interface without competing with CO, which facilitate the O2 activation and the subsequent surface reaction. This graphene-isolated system is distinct from the classical metal-metal oxide interface for catalysis, and it provides a new thought for the design of heterogeneous catalysts.

Technical study of the effect of laser engraving using uArm swift pro robot

<p>Laser engraving is the most non - traditional and efficient working method in the machining of materials of different geometry as compared to conventional methods. The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of uArm swift pro robot operated laser engraving process on a wooden pitch board piece. However, the robot was connected with uArm Studio 1.1.22 software to perform laser engraving operation. For this purpose the effect of process parameters like spot diameter and depth of penetration were investigated with different working length of the robot end effector, measured from wooden pitch board base. Experimental observation method was used to investigate the formation of deep and light engraving pattern on the pitch board surface by measuring penetration depth and spot diameter in suitable condition. The result obtained from the experiment and statistical parameters showed a new dimension to find a suitable working length of the robot assisted laser nozzle where the laser penetration effect was clearly perceptible for the wooden material.</p>

Verification of the electromagnetic deep-penetration effect in the real world

The deep penetration of electromagnetic waves into lossy media can be obtained by properly generating inhomogeneous waves. In this work, for the very first time, we demonstrate the physical implementation and the practical relevance of this phenomenon. A thorough numerical investigation of the deep-penetration effects has been performed by designing and comparing three distinct practical radiators, emitting either homogeneous or inhomogeneous waves. As concerns the latter kind, a typical Menzel microstrip antenna is first used to radiate improper leaky waves. Then, a completely new approach based on an optimized 3-D horn TEM antenna applied to a lossy prism is described, which may find applications even at optical frequencies. The effectiveness of the proposed radiators is measured using different algorithms to consider distinct aspects of the propagation in lossy media. We finally demonstrate that the deep penetration is possible, by extending the ideal and theoretical evidence to practical relevance, and discuss both achievements and limits obtained through numerical simulations on the designed antennas.

DEVELOPMENT OF LEVOFLOXACIN LOADED MICROEMULSION FORMULATED WITH MUSTARD OIL

The aim of the current study is to develop Levofloxacin loaded microemulsion formulated with mustard oil for better skin penetration effect and to obtain combined effect of both the oil and the drug to improve the efficacy with a reduced dose. Primarily we developed a pseudo ternary phase diagrams to find out the region of microemulsion formation zone by using oil (mustard oil), surfactant (Tween 20 and Tween 80), and co-surfactant (propylene glycol) by water titration method. We formulated six different formulations (MM1-MM6) by varying the concentrations of the oil water and surfactant and cosurfactant ratio. The developed microemulsion formulation was characterized for various parameters % Transmittance, viscosity, pH, drug content, surface morphology, zeta potential, and in-vitro drug release study. The selected microemulsion formulation is further converted in to microemulgel by dispersing the ME into 2%w/W Carbopol gel (MM-G) and various parameters are evaluated for the gel. The antimicrobial efficacy was carried out for ME and Microemulgel by well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC: 737) compared with the standard streptomycin which showed that MM3 and MM-G have a better antimicrobial effect than standard proved that the drug levofloxacin and the mustard oil shows the synergistic effect in the Microemulsion formulation with better skin penetration effect.

О постановке экспериментов по определению пробивной способности хвостовых участков кумулятивных струй

According to the calculations, the penetration effect of shaped charges can be significantly increased (by 40–50 % in the case of a high-strength steel target) if due increasing the accuracy of their manufacture the lower speed threshold is reduced at which the penetration of the tail sections of the shaped-charge jet into the target is stopped. For experimental confirmation of these data, it is proposed to study in detail the penetrability of the tail sections of shaped-charge jets using cut-off rods made of high-density material located at a short distance from the shaped charge (less than its diameter) and designed to eliminate the faster part of the jet. Based on numerical simulation in the framework of a two-dimensional axisymmetric problem of continuum mechanics, possible parameters of the cut-off rods for generating solitary "tails" of shaped-charge jets with different velocities of the leading element are predicted.

Experimental study of the small-diameter channel and shaped-charge jet penetration effect

The paper focuses on experiments carried out to determine the effect of a small-diameter channel, passed by a shaped-charge jet before interacting with an obstacle, on its penetrating action. These experiments were conducted in relation to the study of the features of shaped-charge jet motion through the cavity of an elongated solenoid with electromagnetic stabilization of the jet stretching process. For this purpose, steel sleeves with a channel were installed in front of the shaped charge, which made it possible to simulate the mechanical factors affecting the shaped-charge jet when it moves in the air channel. For the conditions implemented in the experiments, it was found that in the absence of collisions of the shaped-charge jet with the channel walls, the penetration depth decreases insignificantly, i.e. within 5%. In experiments in which there were traces of contact interaction with the shaped-charge jet on the channel surface, a significant decrease in the penetrating action was recorded.