Dynamics in direct two-photon transition by frequency combs

Based on the proposed theoretical model of a three-level system, the optical Bloch equations including the direct two-photon transition (DTPT) process using the optical frequency comb (OFC) were derived and the population distribution of particles in the upper states varying with the velocity of the atoms was obtained. Comparing to the resonance two-photon transition process, that population was increased by a factor of 1.4 without the Doppler shift, which is consistent with our previous experimental results. Simultaneously, the relationship between momentum transfers, and atomic velocity and pulse number were analyzed. When applied to a multi-level system it was found the population of particles in the excited states increased by a few percentages. The novel approach of DTPT using OFC improved the utilization of comb teeth and atoms, increased the momentum transfer path, reduced the reachable Doppler temperature limit, and encouraged us to use OFC to cool multiple elements simultaneously through the DTPT process. By analyzing the Doppler temperature of 133Cs and 87Rb in one dimension, it was found that this process can lower a temperature below 100 mK and generate dipolar molecules 133Cs87Rb via photoassociation, which provides us a new tool to create dipolar molecules and to investigate their complex rovibrational spectra in ultra-cold chemistry.

Analysis of the Schedule Risk of Prefabricated Buildings Based on ISM and Research of Transfer Path

Project schedule management is an important part of prefabricated construction project management. General contracting is an effective way to promote the development of prefabricated construction. However, at present, from the perspective of general contracting, the risk factors affecting the project progress of prefabricated buildings are not clear, and the relationship between risks is not known. The purpose of this study is to study the composition, hierarchical structure and transmission path of schedule risk factors of prefabricated construction in general contracting mode, so as to help the general contractor formulate effective schedule risk avoidance measures. This study uses grounded theory to obtain 22 risk factors that affect the progress of assembly building projects, and the data are from expert interviews. Using Delphi method and interpretative structural modeling (ISM), these factors are divided into seven levels, and the ISM model of schedule risk factors is constructed. The research shows that there are 60 progress risk transmission paths, and four progress risk transfer chains are obtained. This paper also further analyzes and puts forward suggestions to avoid risks for each level. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-010 Full Text: PDF

Kalman filter identification method for micro-vibration transfer paths of satellites

Micro-vibrations on-board a satellite have degrading effects on the performance of certain payloads like observation cameras. The major sources of vibrations include momentum wheels, solar array drives, other rotary mechanical equipment, etc. These vibrations result in loss of the pointing precision and image quality of the payload through intricate transfer paths. To improve the accuracy of a satellite system with many vibration sources and complex transfer paths, it is necessary to determine the main transfer path of vibration. In this study, a path identification method is proposed and applied to the transfer system from the momentum wheel to the camera mount. First, the observer/Kalman filter identification (OKID) algorithm is used to acquire the state-space equation of each path subsystem. Then, the subsystem order is obtained based on the slope of the singular entropy increment. In the next phase, combined with the measured disturbance force of the momentum wheel, the displacement response of the target point is predicted. Finally, the dominant transfer path of vibration is achieved by calculating the vibration contribution of each path to the response point. The results indicate that the dominant transfer path is the axial path of the horizontal momentum wheel, which contributes to the vibration of the camera mount at most. Effective vibration reduction measures should be taken to this path to suppress the vibration signal. In comparing the identified displacement response with the finite element response of the camera mount under different noise conditions, the correlation coefficients are >0.85, which proves the accuracy and anti-noise capability of the identification method.

On the interpretation of deep learning models in bearing vibration diagnostics

In recent years, data-driven techniques such as deep learning (DL), have been widely represented in the literature in the field of bearing vibration condition monitoring. While these approaches achieve excellent performance in detecting bearing faults on controlled laboratory datasets, there is little information available on their applicability to more realistic working conditions. One challenge of these data-driven approaches is that they can learn non-classical features unrelated to the physical defect, making their generalizability debatable. To overcome the challenge of generalizability in DL models, we aim to first understand the underlying representation that the network uses to classify different bearing defects. Having an interpretable DL model may give us hints on how to increase its applicability by, e.g., data augmentation, changing input representations or adapting model architectures. To benefit from advances in interpretability in DL methods from computer vision, we first transform the vibration signal into an image. We evaluate a common input transformation, namely the spectrogram. Subsequently, the representations that the network has learnt are evaluated. We use the Grad-CAM algorithm together with signal modifications to evaluate which parts of the input signal contribute to class attribution. Our results show that the network learns signal features related to the transfer path, the physical properties of the test setup, rather than picking up classical features having a physical relation with the defect. Given that a transfer path is very machine specific, this could be an explanation for the lack of scalability of DL methods. To improve the generalizability of DL methods on bearing vibration analysis, the competing dominant machine specific features should be eliminated from the input representation. These results highlight the importance of combining domain expertise with data-driven approaches.

Effect of conjugated system extension on structural features and electron-density distribution in charge–transfer difluoroborates

A comparative structural study of two related donor–acceptor pyridine-based BF2 complexes, namely, 3-(dimethylamino)-1,1-difluoro-1H-pyrido[1,2-c][1,3,5,2]oxadiazaborinin-9-ium-1-uide, C8H10BF2N3O (1), and 3-{(1E,3E)-4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]buta-1,3-dien-1-yl}-1,1-difluoro-1H-pyrido[1,2-c][1,3,5,2]oxadiazaborinin-9-ium-1-uide, C18H18BF2N3O (2), containing a dimethylamino group and either the shortest (in 1) or the longest (in 2) charge-transfer path known until now in this family of compounds, is presented. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis supported by computational investigations shed more light on these systems, indicating, among other aspects, the predominance of C—H...F contacts in 1, the formation of antiparallel dimers held together by π–π interactions in both compounds, and the involvement of fused BF2-bearing rings in the charge-transfer process.

Optimization of Noise Transfer Path Based on the Composite Panel Acoustic and Modal Contribution Analysis

The noise of a cab directly affects the comfort and labor efficiency of the operators. The optimization of the structure-borne transmission path can obviously reduce the cab noise. The method of panel acoustic contribution analysis (PACA) is used to reduce structure noise. However, most studies only consider the panel acoustic contribution of a single frequency, without considering the contribution of major frequencies synthesis to confirm the optimized panels. In this paper, a novel method is proposed based on composite panel acoustic and modal contribution analysis and noise transfer path optimization in a vibro-acoustic model. First, the finite element model (FEM) and the acoustic model are established. Based on the acoustic transfer vector (ATV) method, a composite panel acoustic contribution analysis method is proposed to identify the panels affecting the noise of the field point. Combined with the modal acoustic contribution of the modal acoustic transfer vector (MATV) method, the noise field point is confirmed in the area which has the most significant influence. Second, the optimization algorithm NLOPT which is a nonlinear optimization is applied to design the areas. The noise transfer path optimization with vibroacoustic coupling response can quickly determine the optimal thickness of the panels and reduce low-frequency noise. The effectiveness of the proposed method is applied and verified in an excavator cab. The sound pressure level (SPL) the driver’s right ear (DRE) decreased obviously. The acoustic analysis of the composite panel acoustic contribution and modal acoustic contribution can more accurately recognize an optimized area than the traditional PACA. This method can be applied in the optimization of the structure-borne transmission path for construction machinery cab and vehicle body.

Research on the Electromagnetic Conversion Method of Stator Current for Local Fault Detection of a Planetary Gearbox

Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is a useful technique for planetary gear fault detection. Motor current signals have easier accessibility and are free from time-varying transfer path effects. If the fault symptoms in current signals are well understood, it will be more beneficial to develop effective current signal processing methods. Some researchers have developed mathematical models to study the characteristics of current signals. However, no one has considered the coupling of rotor eccentricity and gear failures, resulting in an inaccurate analysis of the current signals. This study considers the sun gear failure of a planetary gearbox and the eccentricity of the motor rotor. An improved induction motor model is proposed based on the magnetomotive force (MMF) to simulate the stator current. By analyzing the current, the modulation relationships of gearbox meshing frequency, fault frequency, power supply frequency, and gear rotating frequency are obtained. The proposed model is validated to some extent using experimental data.

“Effect of floating columns on buildings subjected to seismic forces”

In Recent Trends, buildings are planned to fulfill their architectural and functional requirements but sometimes this creates complexity in its structural strength. One such element is the floating column. It is used to boost Floor Space Index. The Earthquake forces developed at different storey need to be carried down by the shortest path. Discontinuity in the load transfer path leads to poor seismic performance of the structure. Hence as per IS: CODE-1893:2016 clause no-7.1, the Construction of Floating Column is restricted. But there is no limit to research work. The purpose of this research is to analyze the structural irregularity occurring due to floating columns and also to find out the optimized solution to decrease the risk due to earthquake excitation. For Simplicity, the focus of this study is limited to symmetrical G+8 Structure. Finite element Based ETabs software has been used for the analysis. Response spectrum analysis was done in the software. Total ten models are considered with different conditions and their results were compared in terms of Storey displacement, Storey drifts, Base Shear and Overturning moments. All results are compared with the conventional building.