scholarly journals 10 Behavior and Landscape-Use Pattern of Small Ruminants Co-grazed in Woodlands with different Vegetation Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Bidur Paneru ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Nevershi Ellis ◽  
shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Lila B Karki
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Study Plot ◽  
Landscape Use ◽  
Demonstration Site ◽  
Diurnal Behavior ◽  
Use Pattern ◽  
Diurnal Period

Abstract Woodland is the major landcover in Alabama (69%) and other states of the Southeast (≈60%). The understory vegetation present in woodlands can be a great feed resource for small ruminants when woodland grazing is practiced well, for which the understanding of animals’ landscape-use pattern is important. The study objective was to determine the diurnal behavior and landscape-use pattern of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams co-stocked in woodlands. Eight Kiko wethers (77±2.5 kg. LW) and five Katahdin rams (92±4.6 kg. LW) were co-stocked rotationally in three woodland plots (0.4-ha. each) during May–August 2019 in Atkins Agroforestry Research and Demonstration site, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama. Each study plot contained four treatments, where the average canopy height were 0.82 m, 1.34 m, 1.67 m and 1.73 m. The diurnal behavior (grazing, browsing, loafing, lying) and landscape-use pattern of animals were monitored from dawn to dusk when they were in each study plot at each rotation. Diurnal period was categorized into morning (dawn–11:00 am), midday (11:00 am–3:00 pm), and post-midday (3:00 pm–dusk) for the analysis and diurnal behavior and distribution pattern of animals were analyzed in SAS 9.4, GLM procedure with MANOVA option. Animal species differed in their feeding behavior (P < 0.0001), with wethers mostly browsing and rams grazing. Significant interaction effects of animal species and diurnal period occurred on all behavior categories, except loafing and lying (P < 0.0001). Wethers spent less time grazing (84–88%), but more time browsing (90%) during morning and post-midday vs. rams. Animals were actively feeding when the weather was nice and cool, and resting when it was hot. Feeding behavior was dominant during the post-midday period (3 PM–dusk) and lying during midday (11 AM–3 PM). The specific behavior and landscape-use pattern observed in this study can be useful to design and utilize woodland resources more efficiently.

scholarly journals Vegetation Height and Diurnal Period Influenced the Landscape-Use Pattern of Small Ruminants in Woodlands around Summer

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Sanjok Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Understory Shrubs ◽  
Diurnal Period

Despite the huge potential of using woodlands for small ruminant grazing in the southeast US, unmanaged understory shrubs grown beyond animals’ access minimize the utilization of such vegetation. This study aimed to determine the effect of vegetation height and diurnal period on the behavior and distribution patterns of goats and sheep in woodlands around summer. The study was conducted in six woodland plots (0.4 ha each) comprising southern pines and non-pine (non-target) plant species. Non-pine plants in each study plot were assigned to four treatments: cut to 0 m, 0.9 m, or 1.5 m from the ground level or left uncut (control). Cut plant stubs were allowed to regrow to full canopy before stocking animals. Eight Kiko wethers and five Katahdin rams were rotationally stocked in separate plots, and their diurnal (dawn–dusk) behaviors and distribution patterns were monitored when they were in each plot (three plots per animal species) around the summer of 2018. Animal behavior data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in SAS, while animal distribution pattern and weather data were analyzed in SAS using a GLM procedure and the distribution evenness index (DEI) using the Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test in R. Level of significance was set at 5%. Both animal species visited the control area the least. Wethers browsed predominantly in areas where non-pine plants were cut to 0.9 m from the ground level, and rams grazed mostly in areas where non-pine plants were cut to the ground level, mostly during the post-midday period. Browsing was the dominant feeding behavior of wethers (39% browsing vs. 4% grazing), while rams’ feeding behavior was dominated with grazing (24% grazing vs. 12% browsing). Lying was a predominant diurnal behavior in both wethers (46%) and rams (35%), mostly during the midday period. Wethers had a higher value for DEI than rams during the morning and post-midday periods. This study established that (1) the utilization of woodland understory foliage by small ruminants can be increased by lowering plant height, and (2) both vegetation characteristics and diurnal period are important factors for influencing small ruminants’ behavior while stocked in woodlands around summer.

scholarly journals 134 Vegetation characteristics and diurnal periods influenced the landscape-use pattern of goats and sheep in woodlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
Shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Sanjok Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Landscape Use ◽  
Understory Shrubs

Abstract Woodlands dominate the landcover in the Southeast and offer great opportunities for expanding small-ruminant grazing. However, unmanaged understory shrubs grown beyond animals’ access minimizes the utilization of such vegetation. Managing the understory shrubs and non-target trees to lower heights may increase animals’ access to woodland vegetation and alter the landscape-use patterns of animals. The study objective was to determine the effect of vegetation height on the behavior and distribution of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams in woodlands. The study was conducted in six woodland plots (0.4-ha each) containing southern pine and hardwood trees and numerous understory vegetation. The non-pine species were either cut to one of the heights from the ground level (0 m, 0.91 m, 1.52 m) or left uncut (control). Once the cut vegetation grew back and attained the full canopy, Kiko wethers (8, 48–50 months old, 72.8 ± 2.29 kg live weight) and Katahdin rams (5, 29–32 months old, 95.5 ± 4.31 kg live weight) were rotationally stocked in separate plots (3 plots each species), and their diurnal (dawn-dusk) behaviors and distribution patterns monitored when they were in each plot during the summer of 2018. Data were analyzed in Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test in R. Both wethers and rams visited the control treatment the least, rams grazed mostly in areas with short vegetation (0 m), and wethers visited more to areas with higher vegetation (1.52 m) than rams for feeding (P < 0.001), which was predominant during the post-midday period (3:00-dusk) (P < 0.0001). Browsing was the dominant feeding behavior of wethers (39% browsing vs. 4% grazing), while rams’ feeding behavior was dominated with grazing (24% grazing vs. 12% browsing). Lying was the dominant diurnal behavior of both wethers (46%) and rams (35%), and predominant during the midday period (11 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) (P <0.05). Vegetation heights and diurnal period highly influenced animals’ behavior.

scholarly journals 2 Vegetation characteristics and diurnal periods influenced the landscape-use pattern of goats and sheep in woodlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 16-16
Author(s):  
Shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Sanjok Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Landscape Use ◽  
Understory Shrubs

Abstract Woodlands dominates the landcover in the Southeast and offer great opportunities for expanding small-ruminant grazing. However, unmanaged understory shrubs grown beyond animals’ access minimizes the utilization of such vegetation. Managing the understory shrubs and non-target trees to lower heights may increase animals’ access to woodland vegetation and alter the landscape-use patterns of animals. The study objective was to determine the effect of vegetation height on the behavior and distribution of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams in woodlands. The study was conducted in six woodland plots (0.4-ha each) containing southern pine and hardwood trees and numerous understory vegetation. The non-pine species were either cut to one of the heights from the ground level (0 m, 0.91 m, 1.52 m) or left uncut (control). Once the cut vegetation grew back and attained the full canopy, Kiko wethers (8, 48–50 months old, 72.8 ± 2.29 kg live weight) and Katahdin rams (5, 29–32 months old, 95.5 ± 4.31 kg live weight) were rotationally stocked in separate plots (3 plots each species), and their diurnal (dawn-dusk) behaviors and distribution patterns monitored when they were in each plot during the summer of 2018. Data were analyzed in Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test in R. Both wethers and rams visited the control treatment the least, rams grazed mostly in areas with short vegetation (0 m), and wethers visited more to areas with higher vegetation (1.52 m) than rams for feeding (P < 0.001), which was predominant during the post-midday period (3:00-dusk) (P < 0.0001). Browsing was the dominant feeding behavior of wethers (39% browsing vs. 4% grazing), while rams’ feeding behavior was dominated with grazing (24% grazing vs. 12% browsing). Lying was the dominant diurnal behavior of both wethers (46%) and rams (35%), and predominant during the midday period (11 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) (P < 0.05). Vegetation heights and diurnal period highly influenced animals’ behavior.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic resistance in parasites of small ruminants: sheep versus goats

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Várady ◽  
E. Papadopoulos ◽  
M. Dolinská ◽  
A. Königová
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Correct Dose

AbstractAnthelmintic resistance among parasites of sheep and goats has been known to occur for at least four decades. Both species of host have similar genera of nematodes, but the nematodes in goat herds usually develop anthelmintic resistance more rapidly. In vitro tests show higher ED50 values in goats than in flocks of sheep. Sheep and goats differ in many ways; for example, goats have a higher metabolic rate and require higher dose rates for drugs. The immune system of goats is also different. Additionally, these animals are reared under different management systems, i.e. sheep graze pastures and goats browse bushes, and lambing/kidding periods are different. Most anthelmintics used in goats have not been licensed for this animal species, and correct dose rates have rarely been experimentally determined. Possible explanations for such differences are discussed.

scholarly journals Maintenance of Non-Timber Plants at Low Heights Increased the Solar Radiation Influx and Understory Vegetation Biomass in Woodlands

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Sanjok Poudel ◽  
Bidur Paneru ◽  
Nevershi Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Southeast United States ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Vegetation Biomass ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Understory Plant

The vast coverage of woodlands in the southeast United States offers a great opportunity for grazing small ruminants. However, not much attention has been given to utilize these resources well. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the potential of increasing the a) light influx to the woodland floor and b) understory vegetation biomass by altering the height of non-timber (non-pine) plants. The study was conducted in six woodland plots (0.4-ha each) consisting of southern pines, hardwoods, and numerous understory plant species. The non-pine plants were either left uncut (control) or cut to one of the heights from the ground: 0 m, 0.9 m, and 1.5 m (treatments) in summer 2016. Kiko wethers (8) and Katahdin rams (5-6) were rotationally stocked in the study plots (3 plots per animal species) during 2017 and 2018. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) data were collected before and after stocking animals and the understory vegetation biomass samples were collected before stocking animals in the study plots. The PAR influx in areas that received cutting treatments increased by 413-1723% when measured before grazing, and by 543-2223% when measured after grazing compared to the control. Similarly, the productivity of understory vegetation biomass was 36-107% greater in the cutting treatment areas compared to the control. The findings suggest that the maintenance of non-pine plants at low heights can significantly increase the PAR influx to the woodland floor, thereby enhancing the productivity of understory vegetation and grazing opportunity for small ruminants.

scholarly journals Paleopathological analysis of changes on animal bones originating from archaeological sites Caricin Grad and Studenica Monastery

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 215-227
Author(s):  
Nemanja Markovic ◽  
Oliver Stevanovic ◽  
Darko Marinkovic
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Skeletal Changes ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Bone Fragments ◽  
Inadequate Nutrition

This work presents the estimation of incidence and analysis of paleopathological changes on skeletal remains of the animals from archaeological sites Caricin Grad and Studenica Monastery. Moreover, there has been carried out the assessment of the skeletal elements, as well as taxonomic and age determination. The total of 2595 bones or bone fragments were examined. In 22 specimens there were noticed various abnormal skeletal changes in following animal species: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys and camels. Pathological changes were noticed on the teeth, mandibles, joints of long bones and phalanxes. By macroscopic analysis of these acquired pathological changes on bones of the animals, there was determined that the observed lesions had had proliferative, hypertrophic and chronic character. Proliferative changes on the bones of the cattle, horses, donkeys and camels point out to the fact that these animals were used for towing and/or load carrying. Identified diseases of oral cavity in small ruminants point out to improper and inadequate nutrition of these animals in the past.

scholarly journals Detection of Pathogenic Leptospira Spp. In Goats from Slaughterhouses in Southwestern Nigeria Using Isolation, Histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola Lawrence Ajayi ◽  
Edem Richard Antia ◽  
Ojebiyi Oluwabusayo Esther ◽  
Temitope Morenikeji Oladipo ◽  
Olajire Moshood Olaniyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Chi Square Test

AbstractStudies on caprine leptospirosis using isolation, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry are rare. The role of small ruminants in the epidemiology of leptospirosis is scarce. This study investigated the prevalence of Leptospira spp. serovars, and the renal pathology of caprine leptospirosis in slaughterhouses from two states in southwest Nigeria using isolation (IS), Warthin Starry silver (WSs) impregnation and immunohistochemistry (IH). One hundred and sixty-nine kidney samples were randomly obtained from goats between September 2015 and June 2017. Chi-square test was used with a confidence level set at 0.05 to ascertain associations between the positive cases, sex and animal species. Eighty-seven (51.5%) samples were positive on IS, out of which 26/40 and 25/30 were positive on WSs and IH, respectively. Ten (5.9%) kidneys showed macroscopic lesions while interstitial nephritis (48.6%) and tubular nephrosis (64.2%) were the most prominent histopathological changes. The most frequently observed positive reactions were against serovars Hardjo type Prajitno (12/25, 48%), and Gripptotyphosa (5/25, 20%). Other serovars such as Bratislava (2/25, 8%), Canicola (3/25, 12%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (2/25, 8%), and Pomona (1/25, 4.0%) were also detected using IH. The result showed high prevalence of Leptospira infection in goats and the possibility of humans contracting the disease. To date, the detection of leptospirosis from kidneys of goats using IS, WSs and IH has not been reported. This study is the first documentation of evidence of pathogenic Leptospira species in renal tissues of goats.

scholarly journals 85 Effects of feed removal on body temperature and intestinal morphology in pigs recovering from acute hyperthermia

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 48-49
Author(s):  
Kouassi R Kpodo ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Matthew P Aardsma ◽  
Jacob M Maskal ◽  
Jay S Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Time Interaction

Abstract Feed consumption increases body temperature and may delay a return to euthermia and exacerbate intestinal injury following acute hyperthermia recovery in pigs. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feed removal on body temperature, feeding behavior, and intestinal morphology in pigs exposed to acute hyperthermia and then cooled. Twenty-four gilts (78.53 ± 5.46 kg) were exposed to thermoneutrality (TN; n = 12 pigs; 21.21 ± 0.31°C) for 6 h, or heat stress (HS; 38.51 ± 0.60°C) for 3 h followed by a 3-h recovery period of cooling (HSC; n = 12 pigs; water dousing and TN conditions). Within each temperature treatment, half the pigs were provided feed (F; n = 6 pigs/temperature treatment) and half were not provided feed (NF; n = 6 pigs/temperature treatment). Gastrointestinal (TGI) and vaginal (TV) temperature were recorded every 15 min and pigs were video-recorded to assess feeding behavior. Immediately following the 6 h period pigs were euthanized, and intestinal samples were collected for histology. During the HS period, Tv and TGI were increased overall (P < 0.01; 1.63°C and 2.05°C, respectively) in HSC vs. TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. A temperature by feeding treatment by time interaction was detected during the recovery period where TGI was greater (P = 0.03; 0.97°C) for HSC+F compared to HSC+NF pigs from 45–180 min. Feeding behavior was greater overall (P = 0.02; 223.14%) in F vs NF pigs, regardless of temperature treatment. A decrease (P < 0.01) in jejunum and ileum villus height (24.72% and 26.11%, respectively) and villus height to crypt depth ratio (24.40% and 25.52%, respectively) was observed in HSC vs TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. Ileum goblet cells were reduced (P = 0.01; 37.87%) in HSC vs TN pigs, regardless of feeding treatment. No other differences were detected for any parameter. In summary, TGI decreased more rapidly following acute hyperthermia when feed was removed.

scholarly journals Molecular identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in naturally infected pigs, dogs and small ruminants confirms domestic animals as potential reservoirs for sleeping sickness in Chad

Parasite ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Joël Vourchakbé ◽  
Zebaze Arnol Auvaker Tiofack ◽  
Tagueu Sartrien Kante ◽  
Mbida Mpoame ◽  
Gustave Simo
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense ◽  
Potential Reservoir

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has been targeted for zero transmission to humans by 2030. Animal reservoirs of gambiense-HAT could jeopardize these elimination goals. This study was undertaken to identify potential host reservoirs for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense by detecting its natural infections in domestic animals of Chadian HAT foci. Blood samples were collected from 267 goats, 181 sheep, 154 dogs, and 67 pigs. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) were performed to search for trypanosomes. DNA was extracted from the buffy coat, and trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon as well as T. b. gambiense were identified by PCR. Of 669 blood samples, 19.4% were positive by RDT and 9.0% by CTC. PCR revealed 150 animals (22.4%) with trypanosomes belonging to Trypanozoon, including 18 (12%) T. b. gambiense. This trypanosome was found in all investigated animal species and all HAT foci. Between animal species or villages, no significant differences were observed in the number of animals harboring T. b. gambiense DNA. Pigs, dogs, sheep and goats appeared to be potential reservoir hosts for T. b. gambiense in Chad. The identification of T. b. gambiense in all animal species of all HAT foci suggests that these animals should be considered when designing new control strategies for sustainable elimination of HAT. Investigations aiming to decrypt their specific role in each epidemiological setting are important to achieve zero transmission of HAT.

scholarly journals Foot and mouth disease and F.M.D. outbreak in Evros Prefecture in 2000

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 335 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. DADOUSIS (Κ. ΔΑΔΟΥΣΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Virus Type ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely, highly contagious, acute disease of all cloven-footed animal species. From 1994 to 2000 three FMD outbreaks occurred in Evros Prefecture and caused serious economical losses to the livestock of Evros. Particularly, in 1994 22 catde and 375 small ruminants were destroyed. In 1996, 6.250 catde, 24.261 small ruminants and 647 pigs were destroyed. Finally, in 2000, 5.383 catde, 4.405 small ruminants and 359 pigs were destroyed. All outbreaks, which occurred in Evros in 1994, in 1996 and 2000, were controlled by stamping-out of infected herds and flocks and pre-emptive culling on neighbouring and contact farms. FMD virus type Ο was isolated in 1994 and in 1996 and virus type ASIAl5 in 2000. In 2000 outbreak virus predominantly affected the catde population. All infected cattle showed clinical signs and high susceptibility in this strain of type ASIAj. Sheep, goats and pigs showed registans against this type ASIAj virus and clinical signs were found in only two flocks of sheep and in one of goats and pigs. In 2000, occurred the first and unique case of ASIAj in pings. Control measures lasted 5 months. In this review, all the symptomatology of FMD and the control measures, based on the experience of all these years, are given. Also, statistics and photo images are included.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document