Where is emotional feeling felt in the body? An integrative review

Contemporary research on “embodied emotion” emphasizes the role of the body in emotional feeling. The evidence base on interoception, arguably the most prominent strand of embodied emotion research, places emphasis on the cardiac, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. In turn, interoception has evidence-based links with improved emotion regulation. Despite the focus on separate bodily systems, it is unclear whether particular interoceptive locations play a greater role in emotional feeling and emotion regulation. Further, according to Gross’ “process model”, the sooner that regulation of an emotion occurs, the better; hence, it is additionally important to identify the first body areas to activate. These issues are investigated in a two-stage integrative review. The first stage was preliminary, giving an overview of the evidence base to highlight the distribution of measured body areas. This indicated that 86% of publications (n = 88) measured cardiac activity, 26% measured the respiratory system, and six percent the gastrointestinal system. Given the emphasis placed on all three systems in interoception theory and research on emotion, this suggests a dearth of comprehensive findings pertaining to feeling locations. The second stage investigated the core issues of where emotional feelings are felt in the body and time-related implications for regulation. This was based on ten texts, which together suggested that the head, throat and chest are the most consistently detected locations across and within numerous emotional contexts. Caution is required, however, since–among other reasons discussed–measurement was not time-restricted in these latter publications, and direct physiological measurement was found in only a minority of cases.

Correlation of happiness category and language policy in the perception of monolingual and bilingual kazakhstan students

The article examines the impact of the state language policy related to languages functioning and development on the psycho-emotional state of happiness of student youth representatives. An important parameter for measuring the correlation between language policy and the category of happiness is mono- and bilingualism. The majority of respondents feel a psycho-emotional feeling of happiness; they are completely happy or rather happy than unhappy. Dissatisfaction with the language policy is expressed insignificantly among monolingual (5.6%) and bilingual (3.18%) respondents. The study also determines the monolinguals and bilinguals’ awareness of the mutual influence between the categories of language policy and happiness. A significant part of students find it difficult to answer this question. Thus, a low degree of awareness by the respondents (50.8% of bilinguals, 33.3% of monolinguals) of the correlation between language policy and the category of happiness is established, due to the different nature of the compared objects, as well as the indirect nature of this relationship.

The degree of context un/familiarity impacts the emotional feeling and preaware cardiac-brain activity: a study with emotionally salient naturalistic paradigm using DENS Dataset

Emotion experiments with naturalistic paradigms are emerging and giving new insights into dynamic brain activity. Context familiarity is considered as an important dimensions of emotion processing by appraisal theorists. However, how the context un/familiarity of the naturalistic stimuli influences the central and autonomic activity is not probed yet [check it]. Hence, we tried to address this issue in this work by breaking it down into three questions. 1) What is the relation between context un/familiarity with the neural correlates of self-assessment affective dimensions viz. valence and arousal; 2) the influence of context un/familiarity in cardiac-brain mutual interaction during emotion processing; 3.) brain network reorganization to accommodate the degree of context familiarity. We found that the less-context familiarity is primarily attributed to negative emotion feeling mediated by lack of predictability of sensory experience. Whereas, with high-context familiarity, both positive and negative emotions are felt. For less-context familiarity, the arousal activity is negatively correlated with EEG power. In addition, the cardiac activity for both high and less context familiarity is modulated before the reported self-awareness of emotional feeling. The correlation of cortical regions with cardiac activity and connectivity patterns reveals that ECG is modulated by salient feature during pre-awareness and correlates with AIC and conceptual hub in high-familiarity. Whereas, for the low familiarity, the cardiac activity is correlated with the exteroceptive sensory regions. In addition, we found that OFC and dmPFC have high connectivity with less-context familiarity, whereas AIC has high connectivity with high-context familiarity. To the best of our knowledge, the context familiarity and its influence on cardiac and brain activity have never been reported with a naturalistic paradigm. Hence, this study significantly contributes to understanding automatic processing of emotions by analyzing the effect of context un/familiarity on affective feelings, the dynamics of cardiac-brain mutual interaction, and the brain's effective connectivity during pre-awareness.

'Oh You Materialist!'

[1] Materialism in the philosophy of mind -- materialismPM -- is the view that everything mental is material (or, equivalently, physical). Consciousness -- pain, emotional feeling, sensory experience, and so on -- certainly exists. So materialismPM is the view that consciousness is wholly material. It has, historically, nothing to do with denial of the existence of consciousness. Its heart is precisely the claim that consciousness -- consciousness! -- is wholly material. [2] 'Physicalism', the view introduced by members of the Vienna Circle in the late 1920s, also has nothing to do with denial of the existence of consciousness. [3] Recently the words 'materialism' and 'physicalism' have come to be treated as synonymous, and as names for a position in the philosophy of mind that does involve denial of the existence of consciousness. They've been used to name a position that (i) directly rejects the heart of materialism (materialismPM) and (ii) is certainly false. This is a pity, because they're good terms for a view that is very likely true.

An Assessment of the Novel COVISTRESS Questionnaire: COVID-19 Impact on Physical Activity, Sedentary Action and Psychological Emotion

Globally the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has triggered an economic downturn and a rise in unemployment. As a result, global communities have had to face physical, health, psychological and socio-economical related stressors. The purpose of this study was to assess and report the impact of isolation and effect of coronavirus on selected psychological correlates associated with emotions. Following ethical approval, a mixed methods observational study was conducted using the validated COVISTRESS questionnaire. Two observational study scenarios were evaluated namely “Prior” to the COVID-19 outbreak and “Currently”, i.e., during the COVID-19 pandemic. 10,121 participants from 67 countries completed the COVISTRESS questionnaire. From the questionnaire responses only questions that covered the participant’s occupation; sociodemographic details, isolation and impact of coronavirus were selected. Further analyses were performed on output measures that included leisure time, physical activity, sedentary time and emotions. All output measures were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) with an intensity ranging from 0–100. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman correlational analysis were applied to the leisure time, physical activity, sedentary time and emotional feeling datasets; p = 0.05 was set as the significance level. Both males and females displayed similar output measures. The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed significant differences with respect to “Prior” COVID-19 and “Currently” for sedentary activity (Z = −40.462, p < 0.001), physical activity (Z = −30.751, p < 0.001) and all other emotional feeling output measures. A moderate correlation between “Prior” COVID-19 and “Currently” was observed among the Males (r = 0.720) in comparison to the Females (r = 0.639) for sedentary activity while weaker correlations (r < 0.253) were observed for physical activity and emotional feeling measurements, respectively. Our study reported incremental differences in the physical and psychological output measures reported, i.e., “Prior” COVID-19 and “Currently”. “Prior” COVID-19 and “Currently” participants increased their sedentary habits by 2.98%, and the level of physical activity reduced by 2.42%, depression levels increased by 21.62%, anxiety levels increased by 16.71%, and stress levels increased by 21.8%. There were no correlations (r) between leisure, physical activity and sedentary action (i.e., “Prior” = −0.071; “Currently” = −0.097); no correlations (r) between leisure physical activity and emotion (i.e., −0.071 > r > 0.081) for “Prior”; and poor correlations (r) between leisure, physical activity and sedentary action (i.e., −0.078 > r > 0.167) for “Current”. The correlations (r) between sedentary action and emotion for “Prior” and “Currently” were (−0.100 > r > 0.075) and (−0.040 > r > 0.041) respectively. The findings presented here indicate that the COVISTRESS project has created awareness in relation to the physical and psychological impact resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings have also highlighted individual distress caused by COVID-19 and associated health consequences for the global community.

Denotative and Connotative Meaning Used in Writing Poetry

The aimed of this article is to describe the use of denotative and connotative meaning in writing poetry. Writing as an activity carried out by someone in expressing thoughts, idea, and feeling through words. There are several kinds of writing activity that someone can do; one of them is writing poetry. Poetry is one of literary works besides prose and drama, poetry consists of stanzas, lines, rhythms, and rhymes. The meaning used in poetry usually uses two meanings, there are denotative and connotative meanings, and denotative meaning is literal or actual meaning of the word itself, while denotative meaning is a meaning that has a sense and emotional feeling of the word. By using connotative or figurative language, the poetry can be seen more beautiful and contains aesthetic effect. It is also used by the poet to convey something indirectly as variations in writing poetry.

ANALISIS HUBUNGAN KEPEMIMPINAN EFEKTIF DAN KOMUNIKASI KEPEMIMPINAN DENGAN KEPUASAN PERAWAT DI RUANG RAWAT INAP RS

The satisfaction of nurses at Karanganyar Hospital is less than optimal (70.37%) This is due to lack of attention and giving head of space. Nurse satisfaction is an emotional feeling that a nurse feels after action. The satisfaction of this nurse is strongly influenced by how leadership of the head only and communication in conveying the subordinate policy. Effective leadership is used by the head of space to lead his subordinates. The communication that occurred in between the leadership and the subordinate was a fundamental mechanism in demonstrating disappointment or their satisfaction. This type of quantitative study, is descriptive correlational correlative and this research uses the Cross Sectional approach. The number of samples was 61 respondents taken using the Purposive Sampling technique. The results of the analysis showed the presence of effective leadership relationship and effective communication with the satisfaction of nurses with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Based on the research, it is recommended the need for education, training and effective leadership implementation to all nursing managers to create effective leadership and communication to improve nurse satisfaction.