Stima de sine și epuizarea profesională în profesia didactică

In order to have satisfaction in doing didactic profession, the teachers need a high level of self-esteem, a professional environment lacking stress and tensions, an environment which encourages active involvement, empathy and the joy of doing everything for those one devotes oneself each moment of one’s life. The work proposes a comparative analysis of self-esteem and burnout phenomenon for teachers in special education and in mass education. At the same time it approaches a correlative analysis between the level of self-esteem and the level of burnout for the persons who teach. The sample involved in the research is made of 142 teachers from special schools (83) and normal schools (59).

Creación de las escuelas normales rurales en Colombia 1934-1951

Este artículo busca reconocer el proceso de creación de las escuelas normales rurales en Colombia entre 1934 a 1951, que mostró avances legislativos que quedaron reducidos a una Política Educativa que fue truncada por la falta de recursos y disputas bipartidistas, además porque fue limitada a formar para la emergencia y no para la consolidación de un proceso permanente que llegará a las zonas apartadas donde se encontraba la población campesina, quienes debían conocer sobre nociones elementales, agrícolas y de higiene. Esta investigación se sustentó en la Historia Social de la educación. Para ello, se abordaron fuentes primarias, y secundarias como: folletos, periódicos, revistas, memorias de los ministros Nacionales localizadas en la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Archivo General de la Nación, Hemeroteca Luis Ángel Arango. This article seeks to recognize the creation of rural Normal Schools and their impact on the national educational project between 1934 to 1951, which showed legislative advances that were reduced to an Educational Policy that was truncated due to the lack of resources and bipartisan disputes, also because it was limited to form for the emergency and not for the consolidation of a permanent process that will reach the remote areas where the peasant population was, who had to know about elementary, agricultural and hygiene notions. This research is based on the Social History of education. For this, primary and secondary sources were approached as: brochures, newspapers, magazines, memories of the National Ministers located in the UPTC, General Archive of the Nation, Luis Ángel Arango Hemeroteca.

Communicative Competence Enhancement in Teaching Students with Special Needs

Communication is powerful instruments of interaction that provide equality to those who have a severe intellectual disability. We are presenting a comprehensive communication model to enhance their chances of interacting with others and improving professionals' understanding of intellectual disability. Most of the existing literature on different disabilities focuses on people who have some capacities to perform certain skills to a certain degree. Our model allows effective learning and proactive interaction for both the disabled and the professionals. Moreover, it offers resources and a wide range of knowledge about the syndromes and the right strategies to be used. The idea of this research paper arose out of an awareness that students with language learning disabilities are completely ignored in the educational system, and there are no special programs that cater to these students. They are placed in normal schools that are not prepared to deal with their unique difficulties. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to provide teachers with multiple-strategies models for teaching English language skills to these students at the intermediate level and beyond. Also, this research paper describes strategies for language learning and language use in regular language activities. Communication is powerful instruments of interaction that provide equality to those who have a severe intellectual disability. We are presenting a comprehensive communication model to enhance their chances of interacting with others and improving professionals' understanding of intellectual disability. Most of the existing literature on different disabilities focuses on people who have some capacities to perform certain skills to a certain degree. Our model allows effective learning and proactive interaction for both the disabled and the professionals. Moreover, it offers resources and a wide range of knowledge about the syndromes and the right strategies to be used. The idea of this research paper arose out of an awareness that students with language learning disabilities are completely ignored in the educational system, and there are no special programs that cater to these students. They are placed in normal schools that are not prepared to deal with their unique difficulties. This paper, therefore, is an attempt to provide teachers with multiple-strategies models for teaching English language skills to these students at the intermediate level and beyond. Also, this research paper describes strategies for language learning and language use in regular language activities.

«¿Economía Doméstica o Labores? La educación femenina en la escuela: programas y libros de texto (Argentina, 1870- 1920)

In Argentina, starting in the year 1870 the first national Normal Schools (Teacher Training Schools) were created at the initiative of Domingo F. Sarmiento. As in other countries, the expansion of Normal Schools responded to the need to train teachers in order to give instruction to the majority of the population, to provide moral guidance to popular sectors, to transmit basic principles of hygiene, and to help make them part of the same national community. In these nascent modern states, functionaries also had to take care of providing a differentiated education to girls, so that they would learn to be good wives, mothers and housewives, through the transmission of content prepared especially for them. Imitating countries such as the United States, France or Belgium, the subject Domestic Economy was included in Normal Schools and primary schools. In this article we will discuss: a) how the subject was incorporated into the curriculum developed for the primary schools of the province of Buenos Aires as well as the capital city, what the course loads consisted of, and how they evolved; b) what content and purposes the programs pursued; c) what topics were dealt with in the texts selected by the official authorities; d) and how the subject was taught in the classroom.

La política de formación de los profesores de educación secundaria baja: Cambios, inercias, ausencias y retos. El caso de la Escuela Normal Superior de México, 1983-2020

The purpose of the article is to analyze the changes that have been taking place in the training of lower secondary education teachers, through the academic, organizational and institutional conditions experienced by a training institution. The work presents the results of an investigation carried out at the Escuela Normal Superior de México and focused on the environments and circumstances in which the academic life of teacher educators develops in contexts of periodic reforms that promote the transformation and strengthening of the normal schools without achieving the desired results. Training policies are assumed to be fragmentary and incomplete as a result of the interweaving of institutional arrangements, practices, routines, and traditional strategies that affect the development and future of the training institution. From this perspective, the dispositions of the trainers in these environments are explored, as well as the horizons of possibility of change of a legendary institution.

Does Additional Physical Education Improve Exam Performance at the End of Compulsory Education? A Secondary Analysis from a Natural Experiment: The CHAMPS-Study DK

It remains unclear whether the provision of additional physical activity in school improves academic outcomes. We conducted a secondary analysis of the Childhood Health, Activity, and Motor Performance School Study Denmark (CHAMPS-study DK), a natural experiment based on a trebling of curricular physical education, to investigate whether children receiving additional physical education performed better on their academic exams at the conclusion of compulsory education (i.e., 9th grade). Children from six intervention schools received 3–7 years of exposure to 270 weekly minutes of physical education (sports schools), while children from four control schools received the 90-min national standard (normal schools). Academic performance was based on the standard Danish 7-point scale (ranging from −03 to 12) and retrieved from national registries. The primary outcome was calculated as the average exam grade. Comparisons of participants at sports and normal schools were adjusted for individual socioeconomic factors and school-level academic environment. There were no differences in the pooled exam performance among 691 sports- and 510 normal-school participants (0.20 (95% confidence interval: −0.12 to 0.52)). Results for subject-specific exams indicated similar results. This analysis from a non-randomized natural experiment did not provide evidence that simply adding additional physical education is sufficient to affect academic performance relative to the national standard.

The County Court of Ćuprija in 1840s: A contributions to history

The aim of the paper before us is to present the basic features of the development of the County Court of Ćuprija in the 1840s, its organization and work, based on the report of the Ministry of Justice, which contain statistical data and conduit lists with information about employees. The paper is also based on published documents of the Court, schematism and the Census of Tax Heads, Municipalities and Conciliation Courts in the Principality of Serbia from 1839. The County Court of Ćuprija took its place in the network of county courts of the Principality of Serbia, which was the basis of the judicial system, which, after the Constitution of 1838, the first regulations, decrees and laws on organization and procedure, made its first serious steps. When it comes to staff, the members of the court were people with experience, most of the employees had completed normal schools, therefore, they had basic preconditions for performing the service. The Commission for the Improvement of Civil Procedure from 1845 found that the Ćuprija court also entered the group of overburdened, and increased its staff by one clerk. When looking at official data, the number of crimes and civil lawsuits at the Ćuprija County Court increased during the 1840s, especially in 1845 the court had problems with accumulated civil lawsuits. There was a drastic increase in adjudicated cases of crimes and lawsuits after 1845, and it seems that the interventions of state authorities have influenced the increase of efficiency, and, perhaps, the trend of adopting new, more differentiated, applicable, clearer and more efficient regulations, both in the field of judicial organization and various branches of civil and criminal law and court procedure.

Western educational historiography and the institutionalization of normal schools in modern China (1901–1944)

PurposeThis paper traces the incorporation of western educational histories in the development of normal-school curricula during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China (1901–1944). It uses publication networks to show how the study of comparative educational history facilitated the international circulation of knowledge in the teaching profession, and how the “uses” of educational history were shaped by larger geopolitical forces.Design/methodology/approachThis paper analyzes the international exchange of texts between normal schools in China and Japan and, subsequently, between normal schools in China and the United States. A database of 107 publications in the field of western educational history that were adopted in China reveals specific patterns of textual citation, cross-reference, and canon-formation in the field of educational historiography.FindingsWith conclusions derived from a combination of social network analysis and clustering analysis, this paper identifies three broad stages in China's development of normal-school curricula in comparative educational history: “Japan as Teacher,” “transitional period” and “America as Teacher.”Research limitations/implicationsStatistical analysis can reveal citation and reference patterns but not readers' understanding of the deeper meaning of texts – in this case, textbooks on the subject of western educational history. In addition, the types of publications analyzed in this study are relatively limited, the articles on the history of education in journals have not become the main objects of this study.Originality/valueThis paper uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to uncover the transnational circulation of knowledge in the field of comparative educational history during its formative period in China.

El hecho educativo desde la perspectiva y experiencia de una maestra “normal” / The educational fact from the perspective and experience of a “normal” teacher

Dada la importancia que han tenido las escuelas normales en la historia argentina, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el relato de una maestra formada en dichas escuelas -una maestra “normal”- acerca del hecho educativo a partir de las principales perspectivas teóricas de la sociología de la educación y, con el fin, de determinar qué tipo de enfoque predomina en este caso concreto. La metodología empleada para tal fin consiste en el análisis de una carta escrita por ella donde cuenta su experiencia como docente entre 1966 y 1979. Se trata de una docente que se recibió a mediados de la década del cuarenta en una escuela normal dependiente de la primera escuela normal del país fundada por Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, a saber, la Escuela Normal de Paraná, creada por ley en 1869. Esta carta es analizada desde los enfoques teóricos más importantes de la sociología de la educación como el funcionalismo, el crítico-reproductivismo, el interaccionismo simbólico, la pedagogía crítica y la teoría de la resistencia. A modo de conclusión, se puede decir que, más allá de que existen contradicciones en la experiencia, en el relato de la docente se encuentra una visión del hecho educativo más cercana a la perspectiva funcionalista que a cualquier otra que impacta en sus prácticas. ABSTRACT Given the importance that normal schools have had in Argentine history, this article aims to analyze the story of a teacher trained in these schools -a “normal” teacher – about the educational fact from the main theoretical perspectives of the sociology of education and, in order to determine what kind of approach prevails in this specific case. The methodology used for this purpose consists in the analysis of a letter written by her where she talks about her experience as a teacher between 1966 and 1979. It is about a teacher who was received in the mid-1940s in a normal school that depended on the first normal school in the country founded by Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, namely the Normal School of Paraná, created by law in 1869. This letter is analyzed from the most important theoretical approaches to the sociology of education such as functionalism, critical-reproductivism, symbolic interactionism, critical pedagogy and resistance theory. By way of conclusion, it can be said that, beyond the fact that there are contradictions in the experience, in the teacher’s account there is a vision of the educational fact that is closer to the functionalist perspective than to any other that impacts her practices.