Developmental losses in young children from pre-primary program closures during the COVID-19 pandemic

The learning and developmental losses from pre-primary program closures due to COVID-19 may be unprecedented. These disruptions early in life, when the brain is more sensitive to environmental changes, can be long-lasting. Although there is evidence about the effects of school closures on older children, there is currently no evidence on such losses for children in their early years. This paper is among the first to quantify the actual impact of pandemic-related closures on child development, in this case for a sample of young children in Chile, where school and childcare closures lasted for about a year. We use a unique dataset collected face-to-face in December 2020, which includes child development indicators for general development, language development, social-emotional development, and executive function. We are able to use a first difference strategy because Chile has a history of collecting longitudinal data on children as part of their national social policies monitoring strategy. This allows us to construct a valid comparison group from the 2017 longitudinal data. We find adverse impacts on children in 2020 compared to children interviewed in 2017 in most development areas. In particular, nine months after the start of the pandemic, we find a loss in language development of 0.25 SDs. This is equivalent to the impact on a childs language development of having a mother with approximately five years less education. Timely policies are needed to mitigate these enormous losses.

Evaluasi Cambridge International Primary Program Siswa SD Al-Azhar pada Mata Pelajaran ’English Language’

<p><em>Abst</em><em>rak </em><em>–</em><strong> </strong><strong>Analisi</strong><strong>s materi ujian bahasa Inggris <em>Cambridge Primary Checkpoint</em> merupakan bagian dari penelitian Evaluasi <em>Cambridge International Primary Program</em> siswa SD Al-Azhar pada mata pelajaran “<em>English Language</em>. Peneliti ingin membuktikan bahwa teori pemerolehan bahasa ke dua pada anak usia dini dapat dibuktikan melalui hasil capaian ujian yang dikelola oleh Cambridge. Terbukti bahwa anak (usia 12-130) mampu menguasai bahasa ke dua dengan baik apabila dilaksanakan dengan benar.</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><em>Abst</em><em>r</em><em>act</em><em> </em><em>–</em><strong> </strong><strong>The analysis of English Examination of <em>Cambridge Primary Checkpoint</em> has been a part of the research with the title “Evaluation of <em>Cambridge International Primary Program</em> of elementary students of Al-Azhar on ‘English language’”. The researcher wishes to identify that the theory of second language aquisation on children has been proved adequately through the analyses of examination results which has been conducted in Al-Azhar primary school. It is identified that children (age 12-13) are capable of mstering other language when it is given in the proper manner.</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords </em></strong><em>– </em><em>Cambridge Primary Checkpoint, reading, writing ,usage and evaluation</em><strong><em></em></strong></p>

Exploration Of Accounting Software Usage: An Empirical Research Applied On The Pennsylvania Home Building Industry

The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of information technology in accounting functions, related to the scale of operations, by Pennsylvania’s home building contractors. The researchers examined whether differences in firm size played a factor in how often accounting or project management software was used for job costing, whether or not the primary accounting function was computerized, and if computerized, the primary program used for the accounting functions by home builders. According to the findings, the researchers concluded that there are significant differences among and between firm sizes in the use of accounting and project management software for job costing by Pennsylvania home building firms. Secondly, the data showed significant differences existed among firm sizes between the use of a computerized accounting system or manual accounting system. Finally, the data revealed that there are significant differences among firm sizes in the primary program used for estimating when a firm is computerized.

Implementation of Kentucky Nongraded Primary Program

We examine the development of the Kentucky nongraded primary program at the state level, and in six rural elementary schools from 1991 through 1998 (case studies of four of these schools are included in Appendix A). Data collected from our longitudinal qualitative study reveal that teachers changed their classrooms in response to the primary program mandate, and some positive outcomes occurred for students. Implementation was hampered, however, by rapid implementation timelines, failure to clearly articulate the purpose of the program and how it linked with a larger reform effort, and a firmly entrenched "graded" mindset. Currently, progress toward full implementation of a continuous progress model for primary students has stagnated. To revive the program, policymakers need to make program goals clear, demonstrate how its implementation will facilitate attainment of reform goals, and assist teachers in implementing the program as intended. (Note 1)

Post-Primary Program — Lockhart River

Prior to 1994, Lockhart River was a P-7 school. Students from the community wishing to undertake secondary studies had to leave the community and attend secondary school at Bamaga, Cairns or elsewhere. The emotional and cultural upheaval caused by such a move had a significant effect on these students' achievements.