GÉNERO Y ANTOLOGÍAS: LA REVISIÓN DEL CANON EN LA ERA DE LA CIBERCULTURA Y EL PROYECTO CIEN DE CIEN (2015-2016)

En este artículo se estudia la importancia que Internet ha tenido en los últimos años en la recepción de las poetas españolas contemporáneas. Para ello, se recurre tanto a la teoría literaria feminista y al ciberfeminismo como a algunas de las contribuciones clave en el estudio de los procesos de canonicidad, específicamente, a la sociología de Pierre Bourdieu y a la teoría de los polisistemas de Itamar Even-Zohar. Desde este marco teórico, se analiza la antología virtual Cien de cien de Elena Medel, una selección que permite repensar las relaciones entre autoridad, cánones y cibercultura en el siglo XXI. Abstract: This article aims to study the importance that the Internet has had in the reception of Spanish women poets in the last few years. For that purpose, feminist literary criticism and cyberfeminism will be used, as well as some of the key contributors to the study of canon, particularly Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology and Itamar Even-Zohar’s theory of polysystems. With this theoretical framework, attention will be paid to the digital anthology Cien de cien by Elena Medel, which enables us to rethink the relationship between authority, literary canons and cyberculture in the 21st Century.

Esquisitar pontes: Possíveis diálogos entre feministas queer chicanas e brasileiras para uma crítica literária de margem / Esquisiting Bridges: Possible dialogues between queer feminist Chicanas and Brazilians for a literary criticism from the margins

Resumo: A proposta deste artigo é esquisitar pontes e aproximar os feminismos contra- hegemônicos da América Latina, mais especificamente do Brasil, dos pensamentos produzidos pelas Chicanas, na fronteira entre os EUA e o México. Através dessa aproximação, buscamos potencializar a crítica literária feminista brasileira ao considerar processos de produção de conhecimento advindos de posicionamentos marginalizados. Enquanto a conceituação do esquisito vem do trabalho da pesquisadora brasileira Eliana Ávila (2015), a construção de pontes entre distintos grupos marginalizados emerge do pensamento fronteiriço de Gloria Anzaldúa e Cherríe Moraga (1981). Os trabalhos de Lélia Gonzalez (1984, 1988) e Larissa Pelúcio (2012) também se entrelaçam aos de autoras Chicanas para questionar relações de poder a apagamentos culturais históricos. Ao esquisitar pontes, desenvolve-se diálogos e articulações a partir de uma visão conscientemente parcial capazes de encontrar as potencialidades políticas para construções epistemológicas que levam em consideração os saberes localizados. É desse posicionamento que reforçamos a proposta de um queer esquisito e questionamos as relações geográficas de poder a partir de uma perspectiva brasileira.Palavras-chave: pontes; esquisito; queer; chicana; geopolítica; feminismo.Abstract: The objective of this article is to esquisitar (queer, in a free translation) bridges and to bring closer counter-hegemonic feminisms from Latin-America, more specifically from Brazil, and those developed by the Chicanas, in the borders between the USA and Mexico. Through this dialogue, we intend to potentialize the Brazilian feminist literary criticism by considering processes of knowledge production from marginalized positions. While the concept of esquisito comes from the works of the Brazilian researcher Eliana Ávila (2015), the construction of bridges between distinct groups emerges from the border thinking of Gloria Anzaldúa e Cherríe Moraga (1981). The works of Lélia Gonzalez (1984; 1988) and Larissa Pelúcio (2012) are also intertwined to the ones from Chicana authors to question power relations and historical cultural invisibilities. By esquisiting bridges, it is possible to develop political potentialities and epistemological constructions that take into consideration situated knowledges. From this perspective, we reinforce the proposal of an esquisito queer and question the geopolitics from a Brazilian point of view.Keywords: bridges; esquisito; queer; chicana; geopolitics; feminism.

Study of Feminism and Women's Existence in the Novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer

Women are so close to idioms such as adversity, oppression, even to the "concept" that is already accepted by most people, that they are "objects" not "subjects" for men. Gender inequality is manifested in various forms of injustice that occur at various levels of society. This study aims to analyze the personality of the female characters, the gender injustice experienced by the female characters, and the value of character education contained in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This study uses a qualitative descriptive technique. The object of this research is the meaning of the existence of women in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, a review of feminist literary criticism. The data in the research are in the form of dialogues, paragraphs, and narrations contained in the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, the data shows that the author describes several female characters who experience gender bias treatment, namely Nyai Ontosoroh, Annelies, Maiko, Min Hwa, and Sie-sie. The novel Bumi Manusia tends to use socialist feminism. Gender injustice experienced by female characters is the marginalization of women, subordination of women, stereotypes of women, violence against women, and double workload against women.

CITRA PEREMPUAN DALAM KUMPULAN PUISI MILK AND HONEY (Image of Women in Milk and Honey Poetry)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dan mengidentifikasi citra perempuan pada kumpulan puisi Milk and Honey karya Rupi Kaur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan kritik sastra feminisme. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik simak catat. Sedangkan tahapan penelitian data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik analisis data. Citra perempuan diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga aspek, yaitu fisik, psikis, dan sosial. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa citra perempuan tidak hanya memberikan gambaran mengenai tingkah laku, mental, dan sosial perempuan, tetapi juga memperlihatkan gambaran mengenai berbagai permasalahan yang dihadapi perempuan di dalam masyarakat patriarki. The purpose of this study was to describe and identify the image of women in the collection of poetry Milk and Honey by Rupi Kaur. The research method used is a qualitative method using feminist literary criticism. The data collection technique was carried out using the note-taking technique. While the data research stages are carried out using data analysis techniques. The image of women is classified into three aspects, namely physical, psychological, and social. The results of the research and discussion show that the image of women not only provides an overview of women's behavior, mental and social, but also shows an overview of the various problems faced by women in a patriarchal society.

Structural Opression of Women in Surat Dari Tini Chen: Siapa Saya: A Feminist Literary Criticism

Women in a patriarchal system have a close relationship with domestic roles. This study aims to describe the construction of women's roles faced by a woman before becoming a prisoner in a short story entitled Surat dari Tini Chen: Siapa Saya written by Tini (pseudonym), a former convict. This research is descriptive qualitative in nature and has qualitative data taken through library techniques. The approach used in this study is structural story analysis and feminist literary criticism with an intersectionalism approach to explaining social phenomena that become the factor of oppression. The results show that three factors (i.e., education, power relations, and psychology) support the formation of structural oppression on Tini. The economic condition is the estuary that underlies the emergence of the factors.

Salient Features of Feminist Literary Criticism

Feminist literary criticism as criticism schools is marked by gender, widespread gender awareness, and feminine consciousness is its elementary characteristics. This study introduces the different phases of Feminism through various insidious social and cultural mores. The main objective of this study to Criticism the Salient Features of Feminist Literary. The main content of this paper is divided into three aspects, the first, second, and third wave of feminism from the 19th century to date. Methodology Employed based on qualitative research. The secondary sources of this study are taken from various books, articles, diaries, proposals, official records, archives, Govt. Gazetteers, Manuals and sites, and so on.

Cinta, kematian, dan perempuan, dalam kumpulan cerpen Jatuh cinta adalah cara terbaik untuk bunuh diri karya Bernard Batubara

This research is intended to describe the relationship between love, death, and women, which is displayed in four short stories in a collection of “Falling in Love is the Best Way to Suicide” by Bernard Batubara. Data collected by a literature study and analyzed using descriptive analysis method. The study was conducted with the approach of literary psychology and feminist literary criticism. The theoretical basis for death and suicide used in this study comes from Durkheim, Freud, and Camus. The results of this study indicate that love is the cause or motive for suicide (physical or mental) committed by the protagonists. Suicides committed by the protagonists are categorized as egoistic and fatalistic suicides. The figure of the women in the shorts stories are imaged as a loyal woman and has a negative character (femme fatale).Women are shown to have power in love relations. Overall, the love that Bernard Batubara displays in these short stories is dark, unpleasant, and even deadly.

In Quest for Identity & Oppressed Identities in Michelle Cliff’s Abeng (1990): An Eco-Feminist Perspective

The feminist movement is ever transforming because it challenges the injustices continually practiced against women. A vital part of the movement is ecofeminism, which addresses issues surrounding the degradation of both women and nature. According to eco-feminist theory, patriarchal societies consist of a culture/nature dualism in which culture and males are both valued: culture is valued for itself, and males are as being associated with culture. Conversely, females are associated with nature, and both of them are devalued. Eco-feminist literary criticism, which is a part of ecocriticism, involves analyzing a work by focusing on gender and/or race oppression, oppressed identities and their correlation with subjugation of the natural world. This paper aims at examining the eco-feminist aspects in Michelle Cliff’s quasi-autobiographical novel, Abeng (1990). The focus is on identifying how the female protagonists interact with their surrounding world. Cliff highlights the struggles that females face when trying to make their voices heard, identities recognized and to perform tasks equal to men. The importance of showcasing women authors who write from an eco-feminist perspective is that it proclaims that societies in which females are treated as equals to males will be in accord with nature.

Feminist Literary Criticism Meets Feminist Theology: Yashodhara and the Rise of Hagiographical Fiction in Modern Feminist Re-visioning

Feminist re-visioning has led to heterogenous retellings of mythological heroines in fiction. Sita and Draupadi, two of the well-known Indian mythological characters, have been explored in various capacities in mythological fiction. Yashodhara, Buddha’s wife, is a recent addition to this re-visioning project. This article seeks to engage with three retellings of Yashodhara’s story—each of which is radically different from the others. The result is the rise of hagiographical fiction around the character—responsive to the Buddhist ethos of love and spirituality. This article argues that the most intriguing representations of Yashodhara found in this fiction are rooted in the nonoppositional agency given to her character.

GENDER ISSUES IN MARY NORTON’S NOVEL ENTITLED “THE BORROWERS” : A LIBRARY RESEARCH

Feminist literary criticism has been focused on the marginalization of women in literary texts and the efforts to deconstruct patriarchy through counter texts, such as Mary Norton’s The Borrowers. This paper aims to review previous studies and expert opinions on Norton’s The Borrowers, especially the arguments in the form of feminist literary criticism. This study employed George’s (2008) model of literature review to review articles employing feminist literary criticism in "The Borrowers." The articles were gathered from books, academic journals, and previous studies on Norton’s The Borrowers. The review reveals that the novel depicted a feminine and masculine environment, constructing biased gender roles and labor division that triggered efforts to gain emancipation and independence in the female character. Telling about miniature family who survived by “borrowing” items from a human, The Borrower is centered towards the young female who deconstructed the traditional binary oppositions concerning the work division and spatial division between males and females. Besides, The Borrowers also presented women’s marginalization, women’s struggles, and gender identity. Such revelation might be useful to extend the fight for gender equity, especially for the children as the target readers. Abstrak Kritik sastra feminis telah difokuskan pada marginalisasi perempuan dalam teks sastra dan upaya untuk mendekonstruksi patriarki melalui teks tandingan, seperti The Borrowers karya Mary Norton. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kajian-kajian terdahulu dan pendapat para ahli tentang The Borrowers karya Norton, khususnya argumentasi-argumentasi berupa kritik sastra feminis. Penelitian ini menggunakan model literature review George (2008) untuk mengkaji artikel-artikel yang menggunakan kritik sastra feminis dalam "The Borrowers". Artikel dikumpulkan dari buku, jurnal akademik, dan studi sebelumnya tentang The Borrowers dari Norton. Tinjauan terdahulu mengungkapkan bahwa The Borrowers menggambarkan lingkungan feminin dan maskulin, membangun peran gender yang bias dan pembagian kerja yang memicu gerakan emansipasi dan kemandirian dalam karakter wanita. Menceritakan tentang keluarga mini yang bertahan hidup lewat “meminjam” barang dari manusia, The Borrower berpusat pada perempuan muda yang mendekonstruksi oposisi biner tradisional mengenai pembagian kerja dan pembagian ruang antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Selain itu, The Borrowers juga menampilkan marginalisasi perempuan, perjuangan perempuan, dan identitas gender. Penceritaan tersebut dapat berguna untuk perpanjangan perjuangan kesetaraan gender terutama bagi anak-anak sebagai target pembaca.