UPAH PEMBUATAN KANDANG PUYUH DALAM TINJAUAN FIQH MUAMALAH (Studi di Jorong Kamboja Nagari Lubuak Jantan)

The main problem in this study is how to pay wages for making cages in Jorong Cambodia, Nagari Lubuk Jantan, North Lintau Buo District, Tanah Datar Regency, and how to review muamalah fiqh on wages for making quail cages in Jorong Cambodia, Nagari Lubuk Jantan, North Lintau Buo District, Tanah Regency. Flat. The purpose of this study was to find out and explain the wages for making quail cages and explain the fiqh muamalah review of wages for making quail cages in Jorong Cambodia, Nagari Lubuk Jantan, North Lintau Buo District. The type of research that the author uses is qualitative research, while the nature of the research is descriptive qualitative. Qualitative descriptive research is to describe phenomena that occur in the field as they are according to reality. Data collection was carried out using interview and documentation techniques. Based on the results of the research that the author did, it was concluded that the implementation of the wage system in the manufacture of quail cages, the owner of the cage asked for the contents of one box of 40 quails, then the total wages of one box was Rp. 120,000,-. If one row of wages Rp. 9,000,000, - then after the cage is ready, the owner fills a box with 50 quails, then the craftsman suffers a loss in one box of Rp. 30.000,-. one row of 75 boxes, the craftsman suffers a loss of Rp. 2.250.000,- in one row of quail cages. The form of aqad carried out by the owner of the cage with the worker who made the cage verbally, this is not in accordance with the agreement because there is an element of gharar which is not allowed because it will cause harm to one party or a mutual agreement and harm the party concerned. Overview of Fiqh Muamalah on wages in making The quail cage that occurred in Jorong Cambodia Nagari Lubuk Jantan was not in accordance with the Fiqh Muamalah concept because there was a loss caused by one of the parties. Islam forbids anything that harms one of the parties to the muamalah, every loss and harm must be eliminated.

The Social Constraints on the Preservation and Sustainable Development of Traditional Crafts in a Developed Society

The aim of this work is to identify social constraints on the preservation and sustainable development of traditional crafts in a developed society and to propose a sociological model of possible actions and changes considering not only the situation of a craftsman, but also the potential consumers of goods produced by craftsmen using traditional techniques and designs. We argue that effective activities aimed at preserving and developing traditional skills and products must consider changes in the social environment of the craftsman, including changes in the potential consumer, a change in the meaning of products from purely instrumental to autotelic motivations related to the pro-ecological approach, local and national identity, and positive valuation of cultural diversity.

PECTORAL FROM TOVSTA MOHYLA AS A REMINISCENCE OF THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES: SEARCHING THE ORIGIN OF IDEA

Pectorals in form of breast decoration of a moon-like shape were not peculiar for the Scythian culture. Many ideas on manufacturing the pectoral, which was found by B. Mozolevsky in 1971 during the Tovsta Mohyla excavations, were borrowed by the craftsman from the other culture environment. By the opinion of many researchers, the influence of different traditions of the ancient Greek art is easy-to-see in the pectoral’s composition. Besides, it is inheriting in frieze forming similarelly to sculptural compositions fronton of the Parthenon, borrowing motives of floral ornaments, coin plots etc. But the creative work of the author of pectoral could have been influenced not only by decorative art but the literary monument too. To the latter the Homer’s «Iliad» can be named, especially its 18th playsong, which describes Hephaestus manufacturing the Shield of Achilles. It is interesting that the Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla was compared with the Shield of Achilles by many researchers (I. V. Yatsenko, L. A. Lelekov and D. S. Rayevsky, V. Y. Mukhaylin). As at its core both Shield of Achilles and the pectoral are pieces of art of high artistic merit, which represent world cosmologic pictures with the help of the opposite action areas made with high relief figures. The breast collars, which are widely known by the findings of Thrace and Macedonia, could lead to generation of ideas that influenced the pectoral’s invention. Such breast collars actually were small hanging shields, which protected in battle the warrior’s weakest spot. By their form and functions they are close to peltes — light skin shields of a moon-like shape. Such peltes were not only well known by toreuts who worked on the Scythians’ orders, but also were recreated by them in battle-pieces on the comb from Soloha and on the calathus from Vylyka Blysnytsya. So it can be considered that the pectoral’s conception was based on the different but connected ideas, borrowed by the craftsman from the military sphere. As a result of the composed transformation of the association chain the Shield of Achilles — Peltes shield — breast collars (or vise versa) and synthesis of several ideas, there was formed a general vision of the pectoral with the corresponding shape, composition structure and separate ornamental patterns.

Craftsman’s Spirit in Vocational Education

At the national “Two Sessions” in 2017, Premier Li Keqiang pointed out that the soul of quality lies in ingenuity. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously carry forward the craftsman’s spirit, cultivate the craftsman culture, abide by professional ethics, advocate excellence, as well as cultivate more “Chinese craftsmen.” Craftsman’s spirit is the essential core quality of the students in vocational schools as well as the core link and goal of education and teaching in vocational colleges.

Video gaming as craft consumption

This article repurposes Campbell’s (2005) concept of ‘the craft consumer’ to generate a new theory of video game consumption, which proposes that we identify the material practices typically associated with craft labour within acts of digital play. We draw on case studies from popular and community-driven video game titles including Dark Souls and Super Mario Maker to make our argument, suggesting that a grasp of the controls initiates material practices, like repetition, which provide the groundwork for craft skill. It is from this position that we argue that consumers initiate a craft-like ‘dialogue’ (Sennett R (2008) The Craftsman. London: Yale University Press.) with the game’s design that reveals the experimental and creative nature of video game consumption. Importantly, these case studies provide evidence to meet with Campbell’s definition of ‘craft consumption’ as an (1) ‘ensemble activity’ and (2) as a ‘collection’ of handmade things. The result is a better understanding of the consumer as someone who initiates experiences of skilled labour and creative self-expression through the craft of playing a video game. This article presents a new understanding of the (gaming) consumer whilst also challenging the idea that the experience of ‘craft consumption’ is typically reserved for the middle or professional classes, as Campbell maintains.

Unseating the Craftsman: Natural Efficient Cause in Aristotle's Craft Analogy

In this essay, I respond to a problem raised by Sarah Broadie in her 1987 article “Nature, Craft and Phronesis in Aristotle.” Broadie analyzes Aristotle’s famous craft analogy for natural causation in order to determine whether or not it requires importing a psychological dimension to natural teleology. She argues that it is possible to make sense of the analogy without psychology, but that the tradeoff is a conception of craft so thoroughly de-psychologized that it is rendered unrecognizable, perhaps even incoherent as a referent. I dispute this suggestion and argue, rather, that Aristotle’s insistence on removing psychology from the craft side of the analogy points to his prioritization of techne itself, rather than any particular craftsman, as primary efficient agent. The lack of psychology that characterizes a techne ensures stability and reliability in the causal process that could not be guaranteed by the idiosyncratic psychologies of various craftspeople. The same kind of stability and reliability belong to nature as an efficient cause, forming the basis of the comparison between craft and natural teleology. It is therefore the craft, not the craftsman, that must stand as analog to nature. I demonstrate the value of this revision by applying the analogy to case of natural teleology: reproduction as depicted in Aristotle’s Generation of Animals. The result is a reading of Aristotle’s analogies that can assuage Broadie’s concerns and allow for a natural thing’s own nature to more fully inhabit its intended role as an inner source of change.

Pengembangan UMKM Unggulan Gambo Muba Produk Lokal Guna Menopang Perekonomian Rakyat Akibat COVID-19

Gambo Muba is a product of micro, small, and medium enterprises originating from the Musi Banyuasin community, which comes from Gambir sap waste which is used to give jumputan fabric colors. The way of making it is indeed not easy, the craftsman must know the fashion traditions of the toy in order to achieve good results. The motifs are tailored to market needs and according to buyers' interests, including current trends. For the manufacture itself, awareness and knowledge are needed to preserve the Gambo Muba jumputan culture. Especially the local craftsman level because this craft is done manually or by hand. Jumputan's typical Gambo fabric, which is a type of jumputan that is done with a tie-dye technique to create interesting color gradations. Not written in a wax-like batik in general, the cloth will be tied and then dyed in color. The gambo Muba UMKM survey was conducted on micro, small, and medium enterprises in Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The results of community service that we surveyed were people who made Gambo Muba's micro, small, and medium-sized business products during the Covid-19 season very much to help people's household lives during the Covid-19 season where all residents on earth had to lockdown, to reduce the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Abstrak: Gambo Muba adalah produk usaha mikro kecil menengah asli masyarakat Musi Banyuasin, yang berasal dari limbah getah Gambir dimanfaatkan untuk memberi corak warna kain jumputan. Cara pembuatanya memang tak mudah, pengrajin harus tahu akan tradisi mode perkainan agar dapat mewujudkan hasil yang baik. Motifnya disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan pasaran dan sesuai minat pembeli, termasuk trend kekinian. Untuk pembuatannya sendiri, diperlukan kesadaran dan ilmu pengetahuan guna melestarikan budaya jumputan Gambo Muba. Terutama tingkat pengrajin lokal karena kerajinan ini dikerjakan secara manual alias pakai tangan. Kain Gambo khas Jumputan, yaitu jenis jumputan yang dikerjakan dengan teknik ikat celup untuk menciptakan gradasi warna yang menarik. Tidak ditulis dengan malam seperti batik pada umumnya, kain akan diikat lalu dicelupkan ke dalam warna. Survey UMKM gambo Muba ini dilakukan pada usaha mikro kecil menengah di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Sumatera Selatan-Indonesia. Hasil Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat yang kami survey adalah masyarakat yang membuat produk usaha mikro kecil menengah Gambo Muba pada musim Covid-19 sangat membantu kehidupan rumah tangga masyarakat pada musim Covid-19 dimana seluruh penduduk di muka bumi harus lockdown, guna mengurangi penyebaran virus Covid-19.

Naturalistic image of Jews in works by Ivan Franko to reveal social reality

In the article the naturalistic features of the reproduction of the artistic depiction of Jews in the works of Ivan Franko, written in 1880 – 1890 is analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the figures of the Jews are depicted in compliance with the requirements of naturalism. It is determined that the basis of the image is factography and I. Franko’s strict adherence to the principle of reproducing reality in all details. In the works „At the Bottom”, „Ivas the Newest” the prisoners' stay in the cell are recorded with the reproduction of all the details of the terrible life and the psychologically difficult communication of prisoners. Also in the works there is an accurate reproduction by the writer of all the phenomena of life, in particular, the work „Gava” presents a complete picture of the conclusion of a terrible plan for appropriating the achievements of the work of the Staromissky’s family, and then the implementation of this plan by a cunning businessman. In the work „Household Crafts” we get acquainted with the hardships of the craftsman in search of opportunities to gain a sheet of the ability to work, during which all the details of the extortion of money and the impossibility of obtaining what you want, which was characteristic of the early capitalist society are presented in detail. In the texts we observe the combination of natural (biological) and social components, due to which the credibility of the image is achieved, in particular, in the story „Irigation” we trace the correlation of these two naturalistic components in Fledermaus’s actions and his defense of his own interests in a conflict with the owner. The article concludes that the works of I. Franko correspond to the naturalistic direction and that the writer's works form the basis of this direction in Ukrainian literature.