Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Biological Important Algae Hydrodictyon reticulatum L.

The recent research was directed to explore the phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Hydrodictyon reticulatum L. The samples were then identified morphologically and anatomically. By using different solvents algal extracts were prepared. The phytochemical activity of algal samples were performed to determine the presence or absence of alkaloids, steroids, tannin, triterpenoids, saponin, terpenoids, quinine, coumarins, phlobatannins, phytosteroids and flavonoids. Two bacterial strains S. aureus and E. coli were used to determine the antibacterial activity of algal extracts. The greatest activity was appeared by the methanolic extract against the fungal strain S. aureus i.e. 12.5±0.088 mm, while the aqueous extract showed the maximum anti-bacterial activity that was 12.2±0.058 mm beside E. coli. These findings were relatively equivalent to the results of standard Amkasin that was normally used as antibiotic in the market. The results of antifungal movement was indicated greatest having the solvent (CH3)2CO separate i.e. 1.8±0.058 mm against A. niger. While methanol extricate indicated 2.35±0.058 mm against the strain F. solani. DPPH rummaging activity, TAA and TPC were performed to determine the action of reticulatum. In the event of DPPH the most extreme IC50 recorded was from the chloroform extricate. While in TPC methanol extricate indicated most extreme esteem 67.14±0.54 mm and in TAA ethanol showed greatest esteem i.e. 0.88±0.01 µg/L. These results demonstrated that the Hydrodictyon reticulatum had phytochemical, cancer prevention agent and antimicrobial potential and suggested for pharmaceutical use.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Proximate Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of an Algal Species of Hydrodictyon Reticulatum

The freshwater algae grow in a wide range of aquatic habitats across the globe and are rich in secondary metabolites. The present study was designed to conduct the phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of water net (Hydrodictyon reticulatum), an algal weed from Pakistan. The pure and dried algal mass was crushed into a fine powder and four solvent-based extracts were used for phytochemical screening. The results of preliminary qualitative screening indicated the presence of flavonoids, phenols, quinones, steroids, resins, anthraquinones, glycosides, lignin, proteins, saponins, tannins, reducing sugars, alkaloids, terpenoids, fats, and oils, whereas the quantification results revealed the high quantities of total ash, crude proteins, crude fiber, alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, and chlorophyll a. The studied methanolic extracts with maximum concentration (150 μg/ml) showed significantly (p-value ≤ 0.05) higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The IC50 values of the crude methanolic extract of water net were found very close to streptomycin (positive control) against both bacterial pathogenic species of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. This study concluded that the crude extracts of water net possessed antibacterial activity at par to streptomycin drug, and requires further detailed study for the separation, identification, and testing of the pure phytochemical compound to be used by the nutraceutical and or pharmaceutical industry.

Comparative analysis of bio-culturing of fresh water algae, Spirogyra communis (Hassall) Kützing and Hydrodictyon reticulatum L.

For optimization of cultural conditions for algal biomass production of two local filamentous freshwater algae, namely Hydrodictyon reticulatum, and Spirogyra communis were cultured. Among all these tested media, H. reticulattum gave maximum biomass (18.6 g/l) in Bristol medium whereas, S. communis gave the biomass of 10.5 g/l in Bristol soil media. Then the effect of different carbon sources (lactose, glucose, cellulose and starch) supplement in Bristol media was evaluated for biomass production. Among all the sources cellulose at 1 g/l was found to be significant for optimal mass production of (15.81 g/l) and (18.6 g/l) of S. communis and H. reticulatum, respectively. Both the algal species gave insignificant results in all other carbon sources. The effect of different nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate and urea) was tested for biomass production. Urea at 0.1 g/l was found to be best (20.7 g/1000 ml) for optimal growth of H. reticulatum as compared to (16.86 g/1000 ml) of S. communis. However, cellulose as carbon source and urea as nitrogen source were optimized for significant growth of both the algal species. The comparison between the growth rates of both specimens was evaluated. Both the species gave maximum growth up to 15 days of incubation and then the growth started decreasing gradually. It is indicated that the volumetric growth of H. reticulatum is significant in the selected media as compared to S. communis.

An annual algal diversity of Lakhna, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India

The nature of an ecosystem can be easily assumed by the presence of planktonic diversity, as they have a major role in oxygen amelioration, binding and removal of toxic substances from water body. The present enumeration deals with the annual algal diversity from the Lakhna town of Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. During this one year period, total fifty-four species of Algae recorded viz. Achnanthes minutissima, Amphora ovalis, Anabaena oscillarioides, A. oryzae, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Aphanocapsa littoralis, Aphanothece microscopica, Arthrospira sp., Calothrix gloeocola, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum humicola, Chroococcus minor, C. minutes, Cladophora glomerata, Closterium venus, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Cylindrospermum minutissimum, Euglena minuta, Fragilaria crotonensis, Gloeocapsa magma, Gloeotrichia pisum, Gomphonema parvulum, Hydrodictyon reticulatum, Lyngbya contorta, L. epiphytica, L. majuscula, Merismopedia glauca, M. tenuissima, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. flos-aquae, M. robusta, Mougeotia calcarea, Navicula ambigua, N. brebissonii, N. lata, Nostoc commune, N. punctiforme, Oscillatoria formosa, O. subuliformis, O. princeps, Pediastrum boryanum, Phormidium ambiguum, P. fragile, P. lucidum, Rivularia aquatica, Scenedesmus bijuga, S. obliquus, Spirogyra affinis, S. submaxima, Spirulina gigantea, S. major, Ulothrix zonata, Zygnema collinsianum. This information can be used as baseline data and may be further used to assess any change in algal diversity of Gangetic plain after a sufficient gap to understand the impact of changing climate on it.

Plastomes of the green algae Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae)

Background Comparative studies of chloroplast genomes (plastomes) across the Chlorophyceae are revealing dynamic patterns of size variation, gene content, and genome rearrangements. Phylogenomic analyses are improving resolution of relationships, and uncovering novel lineages as new plastomes continue to be characterized. To gain further insight into the evolution of the chlorophyte plastome and increase the number of representative plastomes for the Sphaeropleales, this study presents two fully sequenced plastomes from the green algal family Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), one from Hydrodictyon reticulatum and the other from Pediastrum duplex. Methods Genomic DNA from Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex was subjected to Illumina paired-end sequencing and the complete plastomes were assembled for each. Plastome size and gene content were characterized and compared with other plastomes from the Sphaeropleales. Homology searches using BLASTX were used to characterize introns and open reading frames (orfs) ≥ 300 bp. A phylogenetic analysis of gene order across the Sphaeropleales was performed. Results The plastome of Hydrodictyon reticulatum is 225,641 bp and Pediastrum duplex is 232,554 bp. The plastome structure and gene order of H. reticulatum and P. duplex are more similar to each other than to other members of the Sphaeropleales. Numerous unique open reading frames are found in both plastomes and the plastome of P. duplex contains putative viral protein genes, not found in other Sphaeropleales plastomes. Gene order analyses support the monophyly of the Hydrodictyaceae and their sister relationship to the Neochloridaceae. Discussion The complete plastomes of Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex, representing the largest of the Sphaeropleales sequenced thus far, once again highlight the variability in size, architecture, gene order and content across the Chlorophyceae. Novel intron insertion sites and unique orfs indicate recent, independent invasions into each plastome, a hypothesis testable with an expanded plastome investigation within the Hydrodictyaceae.