CORRELATION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN EAST JAVA IN 2019

Public health is influenced by environmental factors. The success of public health development can be seen from the Human Development Index (HDI). This research aims to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and the HDI in East Java in 2019. This research analyzed secondary data obtained from the East Java Provincial Health Office and published on the website of the Central Bureau of Statistics. Health Profile data in 2018 and the Human Development Index data in 2019 were used. This study used total sampling and selected all districts/cities in East Java (38 districts/cities). The Shapiro Wilk test (a sample of less than 50) was chosen to analyze the normality of the data and a Pearson correlation test was conducted to investigate the relationship between each variable. Based on our Pearson correlation analysis, we found several relationships between each variable. This study found that there is a relationship between access to decent drinking water and the HDI, as well as qualified latrines with the HDI, both with p-values of 0.000. Relationships were also found for healthy homes with the HDI with the p-value of 0.004, as well as qualified public places with the HDI with the p-value of 0.003. Finally, we found that there was no relationship between decent drinking water quality the HDI with a p-value of 0.821.

SURVIVAL ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE AGE TO GIVE FIRST BIRTH IN WOMEN IN EAST JAVA USING EXTENDED COX REGRESSION

The age of a woman when giving birth to her first child needs to be a concern because it is related to the safety of the mother and baby. A woman being too young or too old increases the risk of death for both the mother and baby. Every woman giving birth for the first time is likely to experience psychological disorders such as anxiety and excessive fear during labor, and even postpartum depression. Given the importance and possible extent of the consequences of women giving birth for the first time, this study intended to assess the factors that influence the age at first birth, especially amongst women of childbearing age in East Java. These factors include the age at first marriage, education, and region. The method used was the extended Cox regression model. The analysis shows that the age at first marriage and education are factors that significantly influence the age at first birth. The more mature the age at first marriage, the more mature the age at first birth. Likewise, the higher the educational status, the higher the potential for giving birth to a first child over the age of 23, especially amongst women who graduated high school and university.

A DISTRIBUTION MAP OF CHILDHOOD TUBERCULOSIS IN AGE GROUP OF 0-14 YEARS BY THE COVERAGE OF EXCLUSIVE BREAST MILK AND BCG IMMUNIZATION

Tuberculosis (TB) can infect all age groups, even children. Three provinces in Indonesia namely West Java (14%), Papua (13%), and Bangka Belitung provinces (11%) have the highest proportion of children with TB disease. Some previous research reveals that there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and BCG immunization status of children with TB disease. This current study identified the increasing trend of children (aged 0-14 years) with TB disease in Bangka Belitung province based on the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding and BCG immunization. It was observational research with a cross-sectional design. Data were retrieved from seven districts/cities in Bangka Belitung province in 2015-2017. The unit of analysis was the number of overall TB cases, the percentage of BCG immunization coverage, and exclusive breastfeeding. The data were analyzed using the Health Mapper application version 4.3.0.0 with product version 4.03. The number of children (aged 0-14 years) with TB disease increased from 2015-2017, and BCG immunization coverage and exclusive breastfeeding decreased in 2015-2016 only, but swelled in 2016-2017. The number of TB cases was still high despite the high coverage of exclusive breastfeeding and BCG immunization. Several factors such as the quality of vaccines and exclusive breastfeeding might influence the prevalence of TB in children. Future studies should employ more variables to garner more references.

SIDE EFFECTS OF INJECTABLE AND ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AMONG REPRODUCTIVE WOMEN IN INDONESIA

Using contraception is essential for protecting women from the risk of unintended pregnancy. However, contraceptive discontinuation, caused by side effects of contraceptives or health problems, is still high. This study aimed to assess the impact of injectable and pill contraception discontinuation due to side effects or health problems on unintended pregnancy among women aged 15-49 years in Indonesia. This study is based on the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. As many as 1,613 women who discontinued their oral contraceptives and 5,022 women who discontinued their injectables were followed retrospectively. Pregnancy rates were tested for differences between categories using survival analysis. It was found that one year after stopping contraceptives due to side effects, almost 16-17% of oral/injectable contraceptive users were already pregnant. The pregnancy rate was higher among women aged less than 25 years. Unplanned pregnancy occurred more frequently among women who were not working than women who were working. Counseling services need to be strengthened by improving provider knowledge and skills to give comprehensive information including contraceptives’ side effects.

DIFFERENCE OF POWER TEST AND TYPE II ERROR (β) ON MARDIA MVN TEST, HENZE ZIKLER'S MVN TEST, AND ROYSTON'S MVN TEST USING MULTIVARIATE DATA ANALYSIS

The Mardia MVN test, Henze Zikler's MVN test, and Royston's MVN test are the most widely used tests to analyze multivariate normal (MVN) data, but there have not been many studies explaining the advantages and disadvantages of these tests. The research objective was to analyze the difference in test strength and type II (β) error in the Mardia MVN test, Henze Zikler's MVN test, and Royston's MVN test. The research data were analyzed using three MVN tests, namely the Mardia MVN test, Henze Zikler's MVN test, and Royston's MVN test. The results of the analysis in the form of test strength and type II error (β) would be compared at alpha (α) 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The comparison results explained that the Mardia test had the greatest test strength and the smallest type II (β) error. The study concluded that the Mardia MVN test was a multivariate normal test better than Henze Zikler's MVN test and Royston's MVN test.

Small Area Estimation untuk Estimasi Angka Kematian Bayi di Indonesia menggunakan Metode Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction

Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) adalah jumlah kematian bayi usia di bawah satu tahun untuk setiap 1000 kelahiran bayi lahir hidup dalam kurun waktu satu tahun. IMR merupakan indikator penting dari status kesehatan dari masyarakat dalam suatu daerah. Hal ini sejalan dengan Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) yang ke tiga yaitu memastikan kehidupan yang sehat dan mendukung kesejahteraan bagi semua untuk semua usia. AKB dihasilkan melalui estimasi langsung dari Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI). Akan tetapi, dalam SDKI 2017, AKB hanya bisa menghasilkan indikator pada level nasional. Hal ini disebabkan estimasi langsung dari AKB di beberapa provinsi memiliki nilai Relatif Standard Error (RSE) yang besar dan ukuran sampel yang tidak mencukupi. Dalam jurnal ini, kami mempelajari Small Area Estimation (SAE) menggunakan metode Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (EBLUP) level area untuk mengatasi keterbatasan estimasi AKB di level provinsi. SAE dilakukan dengan meminjam kekuatan beberapa variabel dari data Potensi Desa (PODES) yang berkorelasi kuat dengan AKB tingkat provinsi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SAE menggunakan metode EBLUP memiliki nilai RSE yang lebih kecil dibandingkan estimasi langsung dari SDKI. Sehingga, dapat dikatakan bahwa SAE menggunakan metode EBLUP baik untuk memperkirakan AKB level provinsi di Indonesia pada tahun 2017.

THE CORRELATION OF MOTHER'S AGE AT MARRIAGE AND MOTHER'S WORK STATUS WITH EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING

The best nutrition for babies is breast milk. Breast milk should be given exclusively without any additions in the first six months. According to previous research, a woman’s age at marriage will affect the practice of exclusive breastfeeding to their babies, as young mothers are often not ready to have and care for babies. The work status of mothers also has a large impact on exclusive breastfeeding practices. The goal of this study was to discover the correlation between age at marriage and the work status of mothers with exclusive breastfeeding practices. This research was an observational study with the subjects being 94 mothers of children aged 0-5 years in Ngringinrejo Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency from 3 July to 9 August, 2019. This study used data from the professional placement activity or Praktik Kerja Lapangan (PKL) conducted by the students of the public health study program of Airlangga University. The outcome of this research showed that there was no meaningful relationship between the age of marriage of mothers and practices of exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.973) and there is also no statistical relationship between the work status of mothers and exclusive breastfeeding practices (p-value = 0.276). However, it was discovered that mothers who gave exclusive breastfeeding were mostly not working, and mothers who did not breastfeed exclusively were mostly in employment. The conclusion of this research is the absence of a correlation between age at marriage and the work status of mothers with exclusive breastfeeding.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE AND PARITY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ANEMIA INCIDENCES IN MAYANGREJO

Maternal mortality cases in Indonesia are still high. The Population Survey Census Rates or Survey Penduduk Angka Sensus (SUPAS) data in 2015 found a total of 305 maternal deaths per 100,000 births. Maternal mortality cases can be caused by complications of pregnancy. The age of the pregnant women are linked to their risk for complications during pregnancy. Parity can also affect pregnant women's health conditions. Health problems that can be faced by pregnant women of a risky age and parity are bleeding, which can cause pregnant women to experience anemia. Several studies have found a significant relationship between age and parity with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Therefore, it is important to test the relationship between age and parity on the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in Mayangrejo, Bojonegoro. The purpose of this study was to find the relationship between age and parity in the incidences of anemia in pregnant women. The result showed that there is no relationship between age and parity in the incidences of anemia in pregnant women in Mayangrejo, Bojonegoro. This result may be due to the fulfillment of nutritional needs and good knowledge about the risks of pregnancy.

FERTILITY RATE USING THE PALMORE FORMULA IN EAST JAVA PROVINCE: A STUDY OF 2015 SUPAS

Fertility is an important indicator for the success of state development, especially in the health sector. It can be estimated through direct and indirect methods. This study aimed to determine the fertility rate in East Java province indirectly using the Palmore Formula. This study was a descriptive analysis using secondary data from the 2015 Inter-census Population Survey / Survei Penduduk Antar Sensus (SUPAS). It calculated the rate directly and manually. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) was at 2.02 per two children born by each mother in East Java province. It was compared with the national average published by the Central Bureau of Statistics within 5 periods of SP1990, SUPAS 1995, SP2000, SUPAS 2005, and SP2010. In each period, the rate was lower without any difference. The Palmore Formula is considered a good method for estimating fertility rates.

CONTRACEPTIVE CHOICE AMONG COUPLES OF CHILDBEARING AGE (PUS) IN BENGKULU PROVINCE

Contraceptives are very useful in achieving the family planning (keluarga berencana) program; however, not all contraceptives are suitable for everyone. The choice of contraception depends on how each person must be able to choose a contraceptive that is suitable for him or her. In general, there are two methods of contraception, namely modern and traditional. The government recommends couples of childbearing age or pasangan usia subur (PUS) to use the modern method, as it is more effective in preventing pregnancy. This study was conducted to determine factors (predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing) that influenced the use of contraceptives in Bengkulu Province. The research design was cross-sectional and used secondary data from the Performance Survey and Accountability Program/Survei Kinerja dan Akuntabilitas Program (SKAP) in 2019. The sample of this study was couples of childbearing age ranged 15-49 years old in Bengkulu. The results showed that 232 couples (59.9%) used modern contraception, while 155 people did not use modern contraception (40.1%). The results of the bivariate analysis of predisposing factors show that there is a relationship between work, education, and attitudes towards using family planning in the future, while age and knowledge are not related. It was also found that there are relationships between enabling factors such as place of residence, level of welfare, number of children, desire to have children, and informed choice. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between insurance membership and mass and room information media. It is known that there is no relationship between reinforcing factors in information sources for health workers, non-health workers, information sources for formal institutions, and information sources for non-formal institutions with the selection of contraceptive methods. The factor that most influenced the choice of family planning methods among the respondents aged 15-49 years in Bengkulu was informed choice with OR of 20.11 (95% CI = (11.24-35.98).