Selective Attention Based on Speech Complexity and Learning Rate

Children are thought to learn best from information that is appropriate for them, given their current level of competence. But what role might learners themselves play in actively selecting and attending to such information? We introduce a novel method to investigate whether children's attention to spoken language is responsive to its complexity or appropriateness. Preschoolers (4–6 years, M=4.6) watched a video where a distracting animation accompanied the illustrations of a storybook. The audio narration for each page of the storybook was looped such that the story progressed faster if the child looked at the distractor for an extended period of time, indicating their loss of attention towards the story. We manipulated the complexity of the narration in two between-subjects conditions: the Simple narration contained largely familiar words, while the Complex narration contained many words typically acquired later. Children's learning was measured via post-tests of their plot comprehension and unfamiliar word knowledge. Children hearing the Complex speech were less likely to listen past the minimum duration of each page, and showed decreased gaze to the story illustrations. Across complexity levels and controlling for age, children's selective attention to the speech was significantly related to their plot knowledge. In the Complex condition —where children heard the unfamiliar words we tested in the story narration — children's attention also predicted their word learning accuracy. Our results provide evidence that young children may actively direct their attention toward linguistic input that is most appropriate for their current level of cognitive and linguistic development, which may provide the best learning opportunities.

Translation in Movie Subtitles: Foreignization and Domestication

ABSTRACT Translationnot only concerned with the transfer of languages butalso the cultural aspect of language. This study aims to investigate the treatment -foreignization, and domestication- and to find the pattern concerning the treatment in two movie subtitles, one from Bahasa Indonesia to English and from English to Bahasa Indonesia. This study is conducted through a qualitative approach to the theory proposed by Venuti (1995): foreignizationand domestication focusing on cultural specific items (CSIs) as categorized by Espindola (2005). The result of this study shows that foreignizationand domestication, as well as a mix treatment, are found to be employed by the translator. The translator tends to favor foreignizationand only used domestication if the CSIs already have an equivalence in the target text culture. Furthermore, a mix treatment will be applied if the CSIs are in the form of a phrase containing a general or familiar word and a specific or unfamiliar word. Keywords: Foreignization, Domestication, Culture-Specific Items (CSIs). ABSTRAK Penerjemahan tidak hanya tentang mentransfer antar bahasa, tetapi juga tentang aspek budaya yang ada di dalam suatu bahasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi perlakuan apa yang diberikan -foreignization dan domestication- dan pola apa yang bisa ditemukan yang berkaitan dengan perlakuan yang diberikan pada dua subtilte (Inggris ke Indonesia dan Indonesia ke Inggris) dari dua film berbeda. Pendekatan qualitatif deskriptif dipakai untuk melaksanakan penelitian ini. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori foreignization dan domestication dari Venuti (1995) yang berfokus pada culture specific items (CSIs) yang telah dikategorikan oleh Espindola (2005). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah telah ditemukan bahwa kedua subtitle telah diberikan perlakuan foreignization, domestication, dan perlakuan campur -foreignization dan domestication-. Selanjutnya, ditemukan juga kalau dua penerjemah dari kedua subtitle tersebut lebih mengutamakan foreignization dan akan hanya menggunakan domestication apabila CSIs-nya sudah memiliki terjemahan lokal di kultur target. Yang terakhir, penerjemah akan menggunakan perlakuan campur jika CSIs dalam betuk frasa dimana terdapat kata yang familiar dan juga terdapat kata yang tidak familiar.Kata kunci: Foreignization, Domestication, Culture-Specific Items (CSIs).

Conflicting Nature of Social-Pragmatic Cues with Mutual Exclusivity Regarding Three-Year-Olds’ Label-Referent Mappings

The present research aims at finding to what extent social-pragmatic cues that conflict with mutual exclusivity lead preschoolers to exclude a novel object as a referent for a novel word. Sixty early and late 3-year-old preschoolers randomly participated in one of the three conditions. In the first condition, preschoolers’ tendency to select an unfamiliar object for an unfamiliar word is investigated in the absence of social-pragmatic cues that contradict mutual exclusivity. The second condition is aimed to investigate if partial social-pragmatic cues, such as pointing towards a familiar object, interfere with mutual exclusivity. In the third condition, pointing towards a familiar object is accompanied by gazing alternately between the familiar object and preschoolers to investigate whether preschoolers abandon or still honor mutual exclusivity. The results indicate that in the absence of any social-pragmatic cues, preschoolers use a familiar object as a cue leading them to match a novel object with a novel word. Partial cues such as pointing towards familiar objects do not make any significant difference in preschoolers’ familiar/unfamiliar object selection for an unfamiliar word. If both of the social-pragmatic cues are available, preschoolers suspend mutual exclusivity in indirect word learning situations.

Translation technique term and semantics

This paper explores the nature of technical terms from a semantic standpoint, gleaning insight from both classical and cognitive models. It also discusses this topic’s relevance and application to the interpretation and translation of key biblical terms. Anyone who has spent time reading an academic book or article has encountered an unfamiliar word, or even more confusing, a familiar word that does not seem to mean what it would normally mean. An example of this comes from general and cognitive linguistics, fields relevant to this study. The literature frequently uses terms such as “frame,” “domain,” and “context.” These terms often vary from their more general definitions, from their definition in a related subfield of linguistics, and even from the definition given by another author in the same field. This is just one manifestation of the flexibility and sometimes frustration of language. Any person or social group can select a word and use it for their purposes, regardless of how others typically use it. The Bible is no exception to this phenomenon. The biblical authors used some words in technical or specialized ways, with the result that their meanings were in some way distinct from more general usages.

The images in television programs and the potential for learning unknown words

Previous studies have indicated the potential for incidental vocabulary learning through viewing television. The assumption has been that the imagery in television helps learners acquire vocabulary because when they hear an unfamiliar word, the on-screen images provide semantic support. However, the extent to which imagery in authentic television supports learners in this way is unclear. This study examines 90 target words occurring in single seasons of television, and the degree to which their aural occurrence matched the presentation of a potentially supporting image. Results indicate differences in the way imagery supports potential vocabulary learning in documentary television compared with narrative television, and that this supporting imagery occurred concurrently with the aural form more often in documentary television. Research and pedagogical implications are discussed in detail.

The Comparative Impacts of Using Lexical Glossing and Inferencing Strategies on Students’ Reading Comprehension

The study compared the use of the lexical glossing and inferencing strategies that impact toward the students’ reading comprehension. The objective of the study was to find out the effective strategy to use for enhancing the students’ reading comprehension. The population of the study was 40 Informatics Systems students of Potensi Utama University. The data collection was used written test by comparing the scores results after giving the treatment. The written test was conducted to identify students’ reading comprehension performance toward the use of lexical glossing and inferencing strategies. The data was analyzed applying an experimental research design. There were two tests in this study before and after treatment. Before treatment without using the strategies, the first test was applied to first group and second group. After treatment with using the strategies, the second test was applied to the first and second group. The first group was taught using lexical glossing strategy, while the second group was treated using lexical inferencing strategies. The test resulted that the students in the second group using lexical inferencing strategies could guess the unfamiliar word meaning correctly that impact toward the students’ reading comprehension. While the students in the first group using the lexical glossing strategy make erroneous guesses about unfamiliar word meaning that impact on the students’ reading comprehension. Therefore, it can be concluded that lexical inferencing strategy was recommended to teach to enhance the students’ reading comprehension.

The Comparative Impacts of Using Lexical Glossing and Inferencing Strategies on Students’ Reading Comprehension

The study compared the use of the lexical glossing and inferencing strategies that impact toward the students’ reading comprehension. The objective of the study was to find out the effective strategy to use for enhancing the students’ reading comprehension. The population of the study was 40 Informatics Systems students of Potensi Utama University. The data collection was used written test by comparing the scores results after giving the treatment. The written test was conducted to identify students’ reading comprehension performance toward the use of lexical glossing and inferencing strategies. The data was analyzed applying an experimental research design. There were two tests in this study before and after treatment. Before treatment without using the strategies, the first test was applied to first group and second group. After treatment with using the strategies, the second test was applied to the first and second group. The first group was taught using lexical glossing strategy, while the second group was treated using lexical inferencing strategies. The test resulted that the students in the second group using lexical inferencing strategies could guess the unfamiliar word meaning correctly that impact toward the students’ reading comprehension. While the students in the first group using the lexical glossing strategy make erroneous guesses about unfamiliar word meaning that impact on the students’ reading comprehension. Therefore, it can be concluded that lexical inferencing strategy was recommended to teach to enhance the students’ reading comprehension.

New corpus-linguistic approaches to the investigation of poetic occasionalisms: The case of Johann Nepomuk Nestroy

This paper reports on new approaches to the analysis of poetic occasionalisms, i.e. of words created by an author for a specific place in a literary text, and exemplifies them with the occasionalisms found in three comedies by Johann Nepomuk Nestroy, the greatest Austrian comedy writer and creator of new words in the 19th century. Corpuslinguistic search in Nestroy’s complete works and in large German electronic corpora enables better decisions with regard to whether an unfamiliar word was really an occasionalism. Comparison with Nestroy’s French models (never done so far) shows that these occasionalisms are really Nestroy’s original creations. Two new analyses of their relative audacity offer novel insights, which are corroborated by a first comparison between Nestroy’s and a rival’s occasionalisms. Next, the results of a cotextual and contextual analysis of occasionalisms are offered. Finally, for the first time it is studied to which actors the presentation of most occasionalisms was assigned in order to achieve optimal theatrical effects.

REVERSE LOGISTICS: THE PORTUGUESE COMPANIES' PERSPECTIVE

The Reverse Logistics has been object of great interest by the whole community. In Portugal, Reverse Logistics is an unfamiliar word in the business world. Due to this fact, that will be interesting to analyze and characterize the Portuguese companies’ perspective based on three aspects: The Concept, the Returns and the Environment. For this, semi structured interviews were applied to ten Portuguese companies of different dimensions and industrial sectors. The results showed all the large companies are aware of Reverse Logistics, the product returns strategies are reuse, sale to the scrap or recycling industries and the environment strategies mostly used by small and medium-size enterprise’s (besides waste recycling) are their reuse in the packaging of loads, and by large companies is directed towards recycling, planning routes and the use of recycled materials and reusable packaging. It is understood that, a lot of work in Reverse Logistics is still needed in the context, concerning the companies’ awareness to know all their logistics chain (forward and reverse) and in spite of the small and medium-size enterprise’s lack of knowledge of the this area, they practice some returns and environmental strategies, but still in a very incipient way.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN PENULISAN GAIRAIGO PADA MAHASISWA TK.I S.D IV PEMOKUSAN PADA GAIRAIGO BAHASA INGGRIS

AbstrakPenelitian yang diberi judul “Analisis Kesalahan Penulisan Gairaigo pada Mahasiswa TK.I s.d TK.IV Pemokusan Pada Gairaigo Bahasa Inggris” bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi dalam penulisan katakana yang terjadi pada mahasiswa. Dalam kosakata bahasa jepang ada yang disebut Gairaigo yaitu kata serapan yang digunakan dalam bahasa jepang. Kata serapan dalam bahasa jepang dewasa ini hampir 80 persen menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Penelitian terdahulu yang dilakukan menunjukan mahasiwa asih mengalami kesulitan dalam menulis gairaigo dalam huruf katakana. Maka faktor – faktor yang dianggap mempengaruhi mahasiswa dalam penulisan katakana adalah: (1) Tingkat di jurusan , (2) Level JLPT, (3) Apakah kata gairaigo tersebut familiar (4) Apakah ada ciri khas pelafalan, (5) Panjang pendeknya suatu kata. Dari hasil analisis tidak pengaruh antara lamanya belajar dan kemampuan bahasa jepang dengan menulis kata gairaigo. Mahasiswa kesulitan pada kata yang kurang familiar dan terdapat bunyi panjang atau chouon pada kosakata gairaigo. Dengan demikian sering melihat atau menggunakan kosakata itu dan apakah ada kekhasan pelafalan pada sebuah kata gairaigo memiliki pengaruh yang kuat. Kata Kunci :Katakana, Gairaigo, Kesalahan penulisan AbstractThis research “An Analysis on Focusing Katakana English Loanwords Writing Errors of Japanese Student in Indonesia University of Education” has purpose to find many factors in loanword writing error. Gairaigo means loanwords in Japanese language are almost 80 percent from English. Many scholars pointed about Katakana Loanword writing rules. Many facts the Japanese loanwords are difficult for beginner Japanese foreigner learner. To get know why writing katakana words is hard. Ou said that he found that many Chinese native Japanese learners have many difficulties about Japanese Loanwords. The loanwords from American or Europe languages seem hard to recognize by Chinese Japanese learners even French Japanese learners. There are some reasons, but one of them is the differences of pronunciation from the origin words I tried to find one of numerous factors about that. Many factor related on this research such as JLPT, grade in college, characteristic of its loanwords, familiar and non-familiar words etc. One of the factors was found is about the characteristic about the Japanese loanword itself. The other is japanese system long vowel –toned in unfamiliar word by students. Keyword : Effectiveness, Strategy Quick On The Draw, Vocabulary