Pengaruh Heat Moisture Treatment terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia Tepung Beras Merah Termodifikasi

Karakteristik tepung beras merah dapat diperbaiki dengan melakukan modifikasi. Heat moisture treatment (HMT) merupakan metode modifikasi fisik. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi karakteristik tepung termodifikasi HMT adalah suhu, kadar air, dan lama proses. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh suhu dan kadar air terhadap sifat fisikokimia tepung beras merah termodifikasi HMT. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial dengan 2 faktor yaitu suhu HMT (100oC, 110oC, 120oC) dan kadar air HMT (20 persen, 25 persen, 30 persen). Parameter yang diamati yaitu sifat fisik (warna, swelling power, kelarutan, pola kristalinitas, dan morfologi granula), serta kimia (kadar air dan kadar amilosa). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan suhu HMT berpengaruh nyata menurunkan kadar air, tetapi meningkatkan kelarutan dan kadar amilosa. Peningkatan kadar air HMT secara nyata menurunkan nilai lightness, tetapi meningkatkan nilai redness, kadar air, dan amilosa. Tepung beras merah termodifikasi memiliki nilai lightness 72,62–76,27 persen, redness 5,58–6,47, yellowness 9,75-10,61, swelling power 17,41–20,82 persen, dan kelarutan 5,64–10,54 persen. Kadar air tepung beras merah termodifikasi (4,77–10,70 persen) lebih rendah dari tepung beras merah alami (11,17 persen), sedangkan kadar amilosa tepung beras merah termodifikasi (26,04–31,99 persen) lebih tinggi dari tepung beras merah alami (11,27 persen). HMT tidak mengubah kristalinitas (tipe A) dan bentuk granula pati, tetapi menyebabkan sedikit perubahan pada bagian permukaan granula pati.

THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTION TREATMENTS OF FEED CONCENTRATE PRODUCED FROM WASTE OF CEREAL PRODUCTION ON ITS BIOLOGICAL VALUE AND EFFICIENCY IN THE COMPOSITION OF COMPOUND FEED FOR CARP

The following article presents a new raw component in compound feed for carp – feed concentrate produced from cereal production waste. The feed concentrate is based on several types of cereal fodder meal - wheat, pea, barley, as well as wheat bran and unshelled oat grain. The feed concentrate is balanced according to the needs of carp and can be used as feed for carp instead of wheat grain or as a part of compound feed for carp. Heat-moisture processing of compound feed before extrusion is one of the main stages that further ensure the stability of technological processes and the final quality of the feed concentrate. The amino acid composition was determined at various temperatures of the feed concentrate after heat-moisture treatment of + 40, 60, 70 and 80º С at a constant moisture content of the concentrate of +282° С. Amino acid score has been calculated for feed concentrates that have been exposed to various heat treatments. The amino score was calculated in relation to the carp's need for essential amino acids. It was found that an increase in the temperature of the concentrate during heat-moisture treatment leads to a decrease in the content of essential amino acids. For example, the total content of methionine and cysteine in the composition of the feed concentrate at a temperature of +75° C was 0.46%, with the minimum allowable total content of these amino acids in the composition of feed 0,5%. Heat-moisture treatment at a product temperature above +75° C leads to a decrease in the content of essential amino acids and the biological value of the feed concentrate.The process of extrusion of feed concentrate from waste of cereal production has been studied. The glucose content in the feed concentrate was studied at various extrusion modes. The glucose content indicates the degree of modification of the starch during the extrusion process, and the more glucose the product contains, the better it is absorbed by the carp. When extruded with an increase in temperature, the starch passes into a viscous-flowing (gelatinized) state, forming a so-called melt, the cooling of which also leads to the formation of a three-dimensional gel network. The feed concentrate granule becomes monolithic in structure; it becomes quite hard and can harm the intestines of carp. Therefore, it contains wheat bran in an amount of 1%, as a component that is able to weaken the feed concentrate granule. The degree of starch destruction in the composition of the extruded feed concentrate with the addition of wheat bran reached its maximum and the granule became porous, its hardness decreased. It was detected that when the temperature of the feed concentrate after extrusion rises above +100°C, the biological value of the feed concentrate decreases, and it becomes unbalanced in the content of such essential amino acids as lysine, threonine, methionine and cysteine. Therefore, the optimum product temperature after extrusion is +90-100˚C.The effectiveness of extruded feed concentrate was determined in the composition of granulated feed for two- and threeyear-old carp. The feed ratio of the compound feed containing the feed concentrate was 0.9 units, which is 64% lower than of the control compound feed, which includes a non-extruded grain group that is not balanced in terms of carp needs.

Effect of Process Variables on Rice Flour Functional Properties, and Porous Structure Properties of Rice and Wheat-Based Leavened Food Products

Research background. Various processing techniques impart significant impacts on physicochemical and functional properties of rice flour and the quality of the final products. This study aims to modify rice flour from different treatment combinations and to select the best treatment combination in developing rice-wheat-based leavened food products. Experimental approach. Eight treatment combinations were applied on rice flour according to 23 factorial design considering three variables at two levels namely, pre-treatment for rice grain modification [heat-moisture treatment, dual modification treatment (soaking rice grains in a NaHCO3 solution followed by heat treatment)], grinding technique (dry grinding, wet grinding), and flour particle size (75-180 µm, <75 µm). Eight dough samples were prepared by mixing 50 g of rice flour from each treatment with 50 g wheat flour. Thereafter, the dough samples were subjected to fermentation and gelatinization under pressurized condition (externally applied 1.0 kg/cm2 initial air pressure condition) in a pressure adjustable chamber. Results and conclusions. Results rendered that rice flour sample that underwent heat-moisture treatment followed by wet grinding and particle size at 75-180 µm, impart to improve the leavened gas retention capacity and obtaining highly porous and better textured rice-wheat based leavened food products under 1.0 kg/cm2 externally applied initial air pressure condition. Novelty and scientific contribution. Rice flour can be modified according to the present method to improve functional flour properties and the textural and structural properties of rice-wheat based leavened food products. Also, conducting fermentation and gelatinization under pressurized condition is a novel food processing technique, which contributes in restricting the escape of leavened gas from rice-wheat composite dough mass.

Pasting properties of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) modified starch with heat moisture treatment

Jack bean is a local legume that can grow in suboptimal land and potential to be developed in Indonesia. Jack bean seed has 33.32% of protein and 61.15% of carbohydrate so it can become a starch source for the food industry. Native starch has a limited application on food products because of its weak characteristics such as being unstable to heat and shear. Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) starch modification is needed to overcome the weaknesses. HMT is a natural modification because it does not leave a chemical residue. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of heat moisture treatment (HMT) with various moisture content and time on the pasting properties (peak, through, breakdown, final, setback viscosity, peak time, and peak temperature) of jack bean modified starch. This research used Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD) with two factors, varying moisture content (27%, 30%, 33%) and time (10 h, 13 h, 16 h). The results show that the various moisture leads to increase peak-time, pasting temperature and decrease peak viscosity, through viscosity, breakdown, final and setback viscosity. In addition, higher HMT time could increase peak time, pasting temperature but decrease peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosity.

Heat-Moisture Treatment Further Reduces In Vitro Digestibility and Enhances Resistant Starch Content of a High-Resistant Starch and Low-Glutelin Rice

A novel rice germplasm sbeIIb/Lgc1 producing grains rich in resistant starch (RS) but low in glutelin has been developed through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis for its potential benefits to patients with diabetes and kidney diseases. In this study, a hydrothermal approach known as heat-moisture treatment (HMT) was identified as a simple and effective method in reinforcing the nutritional benefits of sbeIIb/Lgc1 rice. As a result of HMT treatment at 120 °C for 2 h, significant reductions in in vitro digestibility and enhancements in RS content were observed in sbeIIb/Lgc1 rice flour when the rice flour mass fraction was 80% and 90%. The low-glutelin feature of sbeIIb/Lgc1 rice was not compromised by HMT. The potential impacts of HMT on a range of physicochemical properties of sbeIIb/Lgc1 rice flour have also been analyzed. HMT resulted in a darker color of rice flour, alteration in the semi-crystalline structure, an increase in gelatinization temperatures, and reductions in the pasting viscosities as the moisture content increased. This study provides vital data for the food industry to facilitate the application of this dual-functional rice flour as a health food ingredient.