UNDERSTANDING THE THERAPEUTIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMMI-PHORA MUKUL (GUGGULU): A CRITICAL REVIEW

Guggulu has been a key element in the ancient Indian Ayurvedic system of medication. It has been used extensively by Ayurvedic Acharya for thousands of years to treat a large variety of disorders, besides its use in the pharmaceutical and perfume industries. Guggulu is a gum or resin extracted from the plant Commiphora mukul or Guggulu tree. Guggulu is a shrub or small tree belonging to Burseraceae family. a small perennial tree or shrub up to 1.2-1.8 m high, occurring in rocky tracts of Rajasthan, Barar, Khandesh, Maisoor, Kathiyabad, Belari. Exudate is collected during the winter season by making the incisions in the bark or summer, falling from the bark itself1. Guggulu has 5 types that are- Mahishaksha, Mahaneel, Kumuda, Padma, Hiranya. Guggulu is Vishad (non- unctuous), Tikta (bitter), Ushna Virya (hot in potency), increases Pitta, Sara (laxative), Kashaya (astringent), Katu (pungent) in taste, Katu in Vipak (pungent after digestion), Ruksha (causes dryness) and Laghu (light). Chemical compositions of Guggulu are volatile oil, resins and gum, Guggul sterole, Z-guggul sterone, E-guggul sterol-I, II and III, Sesasmine, Cholesterol, Mukolol and other steroids. It has Shothhar, Vedanasthapan, Vranshothan, Vranaropan and Jantughna effects. It uses as an external application in Aamvata, Katishul and Sandhishul. Keywords: Aamvata, Commiphora mukul, Guggulu, Kushtharoga, Sopha, Medoroga

An insight into inhibitory performance of Commiphora Mukul on corrosion of aluminum alloy under tribological conditions

An eco-friendly green corrosion inhibitor Commiphora Mukul was tested for its efficacy to control material loss in 6061 aluminum alloy under collective influence of mechanical erosion and electrochemical corrosion in a submerged jet impingement rig. Electrochemical techniques were utilized in the current investigation which consisted of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effect of temperature and flowrate of artificial seawater slurry on the inhibitory effect of Commiphora Mukul is investigated. Under the experimental conditions of 303 K temperature and 4 L min−1 flowrate, the inhibitor showed an efficiency of 54% as determined by the potentiodynamic polarization studies. With the increase in temperature and flowrate of artificial seawater slurry, the protection efficiency of the inhibitor decreased. Protection efficiency of 35% was observed. Possible reasons for this phenomenon were discussed. Electrochemical impedance studies reported that the process is both charge transfer and diffusion controlled. At 323 K, the diffusion component was prominent for all the studied flowrates of 4 L min−1, 8 L min−1, and 12 L min−1. It seems that the moving medium makes it challenging for the inhibitor molecules to adsorb on the metal surface in the presence of abrasive particles.

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF HERBOMINERAL FORMULATION - SEPTIPAT 250 TABLET

Ayurveda is the oldest system of medicine. Ayurvedic, herbal and herbo-mineral preparations are used for the treatment of chronic and degenerative diseases with less side-effects. Septipat - 250 Tablet is a compound herbomineral formulation widely used in Ayurvedic clinical practice as natural antibiotics, which has a tendency to kill the bacteria and give health and hygiene. Septipat - 250 Tablet consists of Kanchnar (Bauhinia variegata), Gulvel (Tinospora cordifolia), Shuddha Guggul (Commiphora mukul), Nagakaeshar (Mesua ferrea) and four mineral ingredients Tamra bhasma, Mandur bhasma, Shadgun Kajjali and Saindhav Lavana. The detailed evaluation of this Patented and Properitory Product was studied for the following parameters: physico-chemical, elemental assay and HPLC analysis of the product. The parameters were found to be sufficient and set as reference specification for the Septipat - 250 Tablet quality control study.

Medicinal benefits and scientific justification of Commiphora mukul (Muqil): A review

Commiphora mukul (Muqil or Guggul), oleo-gum, has been in use for thousands of years as a medicine in Unani and Ayurvedic medicinal systems. It was primarily used for swellings, inflammation, piles, arthritis and urinary disorders. Among its various types Muqil-I-Arzaq, a gum, having reddish hue is considered to be the best form of Muqil for medicinal purposes. It has been revealed to inhibit the nuclear factor-kb, a regulator of inflammatory response, and act as a potent antagonist to the receptors of androgens, mineralocorticoides, and glucocorticoides. Muqil is a versatile herb with diverse medicinal benefits which demand scientific validation. A coherent review of properties, medicinal benefits, traditional uses and scientific studies of Muqil, along with the overall processes involved from collection to consumption is judiciously described in this paper. The aim of this review is to provide a base for multiple research works, validating Commiphora mukul in different chronic ailments. keywords: Commiphora mukul, Inflammation, Muqil, Nuclear factor-KB, Unani

Evaluation of In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activity of Kukkutanakhi Guggula on Liver, Prostrate, Ovary and Renal Cancer

The medicines prepared by using exudates of Commiphora mukul (Stocks) Hook. are described in Ayurveda under Guggula Kalpana which are among such valuable dosage forms. According to retrospective literary review, the combination of Kukkutnaki (Aspidium cicutarium Sw.) and purified Guggula(Commiphora mukul (Stocks) Hook.) was first mentioned in the book Chikitsa pradeep named as Kukkutnaki Guggula. Since last 3 decades, it was documented as an herbal drug which is used for cysts, goiter, tumors, tonsillitis, abscess, mansvaha strotas ailments, which are burning issues worldwide. Due to its observed clinical efficacy in Arbuda (~Cancer), the current in-vitro anticancer study was conducted with an aim to check its anticancer effect on human hepatoma cell line-HEPG2 of Liver; PC-3 and DU145 cancer cell lines of Prostate; Ovcar-3, A2780, SK-OV-3, PA-1 cancer cell lines of Ovary and ACHN renal cancer cell line of Kidney. The current in vitro study was conducted at ACTREC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai. The selected cancer cell lines were procured from ATCC, USA and NCCS Pune. The Sulforhodamine B (SRB) Assay protocol was followed to observe the activity of the study drug. The positive control was Adriamycin in the study. The growth curve graphs were plotted and LC50, GI50, TGI values were calculated. Kukkutnakhi Guggula was found safe for oral administration, non- toxic at cellular level (LC50 values were > 160) and have moderate activity on HEPG2, Ovcar-3, DU145, ACHN cancer cell lines and had shown negligible activity on A2780, SK-OV-3, PA-1 and PC-3 cell lines. This work provides scope to study its effect on targeted cancers, specific in vivo scientific studies and human clinical trials for further researchers.

A PHARMACEUTICO-ANALYTICAL STUDY OF AMRITADYA GUGGULU

Aushadha Kalpana is prepared by different pharmaceutical processing applied to the crude drugs to get the desired therapeutic effects. Guggulu kalpana is one of them. Guggulu is the gummy resin of the Indian plant bdellium i.e. Commiphora mukul. Guggulu is always used after Shodhana to remove its impurities. So the process of Shodhana becomes imperative in different media. In addition to it, Shodhana of Guggulu in different media brings specific properties to Guggulu. Ayurvedic medicines are gaining increase in popularity worldwide for the treatment of various diseases in recent times. In the present study, Amritadya guggulu, one of the Guggulu preparation mentioned in Pidika, Bhagandara and Sthaulya like conditions in Chakkradatta, was prepared and analysed so as to prove the safety and efficacy of the drug. Aims and objectives: To develop standard operative procedure for preparation of genuine drug and to analyze the safety and purity of the drug. Material and Methods: Amritadya guggulu was prepared as per classical texts and analysed by using different parameters like organoleptic properties, physicochemical properties, TLC etc. Discussion and Conclusion: 50% weight loss was observed. The weight loss was due to removal of impurities present in the Guggulu and handling loss. Presence of low acid insoluble ash (1.08%) determines the presence of low adherent dirt as well as sand particles. Presence of low moisture content (loss on drying 6.2%) decreases decomposition and enhances the shelf life and therapeutic value of the drug. Hence it can be concluded that the pharmaceutical and analytical study confirm the authenticity and quality of the drug.

Phytochemical Constituents of Guggul and their Biological Qualities

: In the herbal drug pharmaceutical industry, guggul is enjoying emergent consumer acceptance around the world. In the Indian market, more than fifty formulations of guggul have been introduced by well-known brands including Himalaya, Patanjali and Baidyanath Pharmaceuticals. Basically, guggul is the gum resin from Commiphora wightii (syn. Commiphora Mukul). It has been used to treat various ailments including obesity, osteoarthritis, arthritis, constipation, liver disorders, inflammation, anemia, diabetes, etc. Including medicinal properties, it is used as a good binding agent and mixed in various herbal formulations. To review the major phytochemical, medicinal properties and analytical methods involved in the detection of guggul by using the exhaustive bibliographic research by means of various scientific engines and databases. Guggul contained approximately 66 phytochemical including gallic acid, quercetin, and guggulsterones E and Z. These phytochemicals have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antimutagenic, antivenom and antitumor. It has been noticed that the mode of action of guggulsterone has not been fully explored. Pharmacology and toxicological studies are very few. These works have shown huge literature gap, which is to be fulfilled through the detailed in-vivo and in-vitro studies.