The Drug Trade and State Violence in Internal Conflicts: Evidence from Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-123
Author(s):  
Angélica Durán-Martínez ◽  
Hillel David Soifer
Keyword(s):  
Main Channel ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Drug Trade ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Criminal Violence ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Conflict Settings ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTMost literature on drugs and conflict focuses on how the drug trade affects insurgent behavior, paying little attention to its effect on state behavior in conflict settings. This article begins to address this gap by analyzing the impact of drugs on state violence during the internal conflict in Peru (1980–2000), which, in the 1980s, was the world’s major producer of coca for the international drug trade. Drawing on literature on criminal violence and on drug policy, this study theorizes militarization as the main channel by which drug production affects how state forces treat the civilian population during internal conflicts, though it also explores a second channel associated with corruption. The analysis finds that, all else equal, drug-producing localities saw increased state violence in ways consistent with the militarization channel.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Internal Conflicts of Brutus toward His Life in “Julius Caesar” by Shakespeare

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulia Putri
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Julius Caesar ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

The writer chose the literary work of Shakespeare entitled Julius Caesar to be analyzed. In this literature, the writer noticed that the character of Brutus who was also a friend of Julius Caesar was willing to kill his closest friend. The writer was interested in analyzing this side of Brutus. Brutus was well known as a wise and honest man but could commit a crime. Brutus did not want Rome to turn into imperial Rome which was originally a Republican state. Further, the writer analyzed the internal conflicts experienced by Brutus and its effects toward Brutus’ life. In analyzing this thesis, the writer used the psychological approach with the theory of psychoanalysis; Human Psycho Zone by Sigmund Freud consisted of id, ego, and superego. The writer analyzed the internal conflicts experienced by Brutus, namely: his blindness to reality and his idealism that did not provide a benefit for him. These conflicts had negative impacts to the end of Brutus’ life after killing Julius Caesar. The negative impacts in the life of Brutus namely: Brutus' wife suffered severe depression since Brutus became a murderer, Brutus felt inferior and loss his self-esteem, and destroys him. Based on the analysis conducted by the writer, the id of Brutus was more dominant than the superego. The id of Brutus dominated in any actions that Brutus did, especially for dealing with conflicts within himself.Key Words: Internal Conflict; Human Psycho Zone; and Impact

scholarly journals Dwifungsi ABRI Dalam Konflik Internal PDI 1976-1998

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
Alphonsius Rodriquest Eko W ◽  
Kurniawati Kurniawati ◽  
M. Hasmi Yanuardi ◽  
Maulani Maulani
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact

 Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pelaksanaan konsep Dwifungsi ABRI dalam konflik internal Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI). Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keterlibatan militer dalam konflik internal PDI.  Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah, yakni terdiri dari pengumpulan sumber, verifikasi/ kritik sejarah, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Terlibatnya militer dalam kehidupan sosial-politik di Indonesia tidak lepas peran Jenderal A.H.Nasution. Puncak dari campur tangan ABRI dalam konflik internal PDI adalah dengan terjadinya Peristiwa 27 Juli 1996. Konflik yang melibatkan DPP PDI Megawati dan DPP PDI Soerjadi ini diduga juga melibatkan pihak eksternal partai, khususnya pemerintah dan ABRI. Dampak dari Peristiwa 27 Juli 1996 dirasakan semua pihak yang terlibat, baik pemerintah, ABRI, PDI dan bahkan masyarakat.Kata kunci: Dwifungsi, ABRI, PDIAbstract: This study examines the implementation of the dual concept of ABRI in the internal conflict of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI). The research aims to determine the involvement of the military in the internal conflicts of the PDI. The research method used in this study is the historical method, which consists of collecting sources, verifying / critique history, interpretation, and historiography. The results showed that the involvement of the military in socio-political life in Indonesia could not be separated from the role of General A.H.Nasution. The peak of ABRI's interference in the PDI internal conflict was the 27 July 1996 incident. The conflict involving the Megawati PDP Megawati and the Soerjadi PDI was allegedly also involving external parties, especially the government and ABRI. The impact of the July 27, 1996 incident was felt by all parties involved, both the government, ABRI, PDI and even the communityKeywords: Dual Function, ABRI,  PDI 

Sanctioning Genocide: To What Effect?

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142199007
Author(s):  
Whitney K. Taylor ◽  
Hollie Nyseth Brehm
Keyword(s):  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mass Atrocity ◽  
Prominent Response ◽  
The Impact

Although economic sanctions have become a prominent response to mass atrocity, there has been relatively little scholarship assessing the impact of economic sanctions on genocidal violence. This article examines whether and how economic sanctions are associated with both the magnitude and the duration of state-led genocide. We analyze 39 genocides that occurred between 1955 and 2005. Results indicate that economic sanctions are not significantly associated with decreased magnitude or duration of genocide. These findings contribute to theory regarding the impact of sanctions on state behavior and hold significance for policy decisions in the face of genocide.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF HOSPITAL BASED INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF CHILDHOOD ILLNESS TRAINING ON PEDIATRIC NURSE COMPETENCY

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Fitri Haryanti ◽  
Mohammad Hakimi ◽  
Yati Sunarto ◽  
Yayi S Prabandari
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Childhood Illness ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Child Health Services ◽  
Management Support ◽  
The Impact

Background: Although the WHO strategy integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) for primary care has been implemented in over 100 countries, there is less global experience with hospital-based IMCI training. Until recently, no training had been done in Indonesia, and globally there has been limited experience of the role of IMCI in rebuilding health systems after complex emergencies.Objective: We aimed to examine the effect of hospital-based IMCI training on pedicatric nurse competency and explore the perception of Indonesian doctors, nurse managers and paediatricians about IMCI training and its development in West Aceh, a region that was severely affected by the South-Asian tsunami in December 2004.Methods: This study used stepped wedge design. Training was conducted for 39 nurses staff, 13 midwifes, 6 Head nurses, 5 manager of nurses, 5 doctors, 1 paediatricians, and 3 support facilities  (nutritionist, pharmacist, laboratory) in Cut Nyak Dien (CND) Hospital in Meulaboh, West Aceh, Indonesia. The IMCI training was developed based on the WHO Pocketbook of Hospital Care for Children. A nurses competency questionnaire was used based on the guideline of assessment of the quality of child health services at the first level reference hospitals in districts / municipalities issued by the Ministry of Health in 2007. A linear mixed model was used for data analysis.Results: The hospital based IMCI training improved the competences of nurses paediatric in assessing emergency signs of the sick children, management of cough and difficulty breathing, diarrhoea, fever, nutritional problems, supportive care, monitoring, discharge planning and follow up.  The assessment highlighted several problems in adaptation process of material training, training process and implementation in an environment soon after a major disaster.Conclusion: Hospital based IMCI training can be implemented in a setting after major disasters or internal conflict as part of a rebuilding process.  The program requires strong management support and the emergency phase to be subsided.  Other pre-requisites include the existence of standard operating procedures, adequate physical facilities and support for staff morale and well-being.  Improving the quality of paediatric care requires more than just training and clinical guidelines; internal motivation and health worker support are essential.

scholarly journals Localization of subjective control and features of self-attitude of deprived youth

HUMANITARIUM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Olha Kiz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Child Interaction ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Dependent Position ◽  
Independent Life

The article deals with the influence of deprived conditions of socialization in institutional care institutions on the formation of the locus control and self-attitude of personality. The results of empirical research about the features and correlations between some scales of the studied phenomenon have been presented. It has also been found that the deprived youth both sexes have difficulty in self-absorbed, contradictory self-attitude, negative emotions to himself / herself, and the external type of locus control regardless some positive self-attitudes.In the deprived conditions of parental-child interaction, the emotional and value self-attitude of youth has been characterized as reduced ability to self-reflection, feeling guilty, internal conflict, a tendency to self-incrimination, which forming a dependent position in the development of intimate and reference contacts, narrowing the abilities for self-realization in preparing for independent life. Youth of both sexes with deprived experience are insecure in themselves, their potencies and opportunities. They have some ability to building a line of behavior independently; obeying the attitudes about their inferiority and insignificance in the regulation of life; the lack of interest of their internal world; the low assessment of the value of their own image “I” for himself / herself and for others; the expectation of unfavorable reactions, lack of sympathy, negative self-attitude, self-incrimination, self-analysis and self-criticism.In the conditions without psychological and correction work, the diffuse self- attitude causes a self-rejection as a big hurdle to the adaptation and integration into society and destabilizing effect on the possibility of successful personal self-realization in the future. The above actualizes the problem of socio-psychological support of growing personality in current conditions of a variety of deprivation, which provides necessary opportunities for deprived youth of both sexes to compare their real possibilities with the society requirements, their own behavior with the expectations of other people; and opportunity for self-asserted and self-development, resolving internal conflicts.

scholarly journals Endogenous Taxation in Ongoing Internal Conflict: The Case of Colombia

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 996-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL CH ◽  
JACOB SHAPIRO ◽  
ABBEY STEELE ◽  
JUAN F. VARGAS
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Armed Conflict ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Municipal Level

Recent empirical evidence suggests an ambiguous relationship between internal conflicts, state capacity, and tax performance. In theory, internal conflict should create strong incentives for governments to develop the fiscal capacity necessary to defeat rivals. We argue that one reason that this does not occur is because internal conflict enables groups with de facto power to capture local fiscal and property rights institutions. We test this mechanism in Colombia using data on tax performance and property rights institutions at the municipal level. Municipalities affected by internal conflict have tax institutions consistent with the preferences of the parties dominating local violence. Those suffering more right-wing violence feature more land formalization and higher property tax revenues. Municipalities with substantial left-wing guerrilla violence collect less tax revenue and witness less land formalization. Our findings provide systematic evidence that internal armed conflict helps interest groups capture municipal institutions for their own private benefit, impeding state-building.

State Terrorism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Nonstate Actors ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
State Terrorism ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Common Policies ◽  
Analytical Tools

State terrorism is a contentious topic in the field of terrorism studies. Some scholars argue that the concept of terrorism should only be applied to the behavior of nonstate actors. Others argue that certain government behaviors may be understood as terrorism if the intent of state violence and threats is to stoke fear and influence the behavior of a wider audience. Three possible conceptualizations of state terrorism are worth exploring: government sponsorship of nonstate actors’ terrorism, terrorism perpetrated by government agents outside a legal framework, and “inherent” state terrorism—acts perpetrated by the state in the everyday enforcement of law and order that, if perpetrated by nonstate actors, would clearly qualify as terrorism. Each of these conceptualizations yields insight about state behavior, highlighting particular uses of violence and threats as instruments of state policy. Depending on one’s conceptualization of state terrorism, common policies and functions of government possess an underlying terroristic logic. Analytical tools developed in the field of terrorism studies may be useful in helping us understand state behavior, when violence and threats appear to have a broader communicative function in influencing an audience beyond the immediate target.

scholarly journals Proteins and Metabolites as Indicators of Flours Quality and Nutritional Properties of Two Durum Wheat Varieties Grown in Different Italian Locations

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Sara Graziano ◽  
Nelson Marmiroli ◽  
Giovanna Visioli ◽  
Mariolina Gullì
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
The Impact

Durum wheat is an important food source in Mediterranean countries, and Italy is the major producer of durum wheat in Europe. The quality of durum wheat flours depends on the type and amount of gluten proteins and starch while flour nutritional value rests on metabolite contents such as polyphenols. In this work, two Italian cultivars, Iride and Svevo, were analyzed for two years (2016–2017) in four Italian regions to explore how the environment affects: (i) reserve proteome; (ii) starch content and composition; and (iii) free, conjugated, bound phenolics and antioxidant capacity. The impact of environmental and meteorological conditions was significant for many traits. Regardless of the cultivation site, in 2017, a year with less rainfall and a higher temperature during grain filling, there was an increase in low molecular weight glutenins, in the glutenin/gliadin ratio and in the A-type starch granules size, all parameters of higher technological quality. In the same year, the cultivars showed higher amounts of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the two wheat cultivars, selected for their medium to high yield and their good quality, had higher performances in 2017 regardless of their sowing locations.

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