The Behavioral Consequences of Conflict Exposure on Risk Preferences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Fatas ◽  
Nathaly Jiménez ◽  
Lina Restrepo-Plaza ◽  
Gustavo Rincón
Keyword(s):  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Behavioral Consequences ◽  
Criminal Violence ◽  
Incentive Compatible ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Consequences Of Violence

Violent conflict is a polyhedric phenomenon. Beyond the destruction of physical and human capital and the economic, political, and social costs war generates, there is an additional burden carried by victims: persistent changes in the way they make decisions. Exposure to violence generates changes in how individuals perceive other individuals from their group and other groups, how they discount the future, and how they assess and tolerate risk. The behavioral consequences of violence exposure can be documented using experiments in which participants make decisions in a controlled, incentive-compatible scenario. The external validity of experiments is reinforced when the studies are run in postconflict scenarios, for example, in Colombia, with real victims of conflict. The experimental tasks, therefore, may map risk attitudes among victims and nonvictims of the conflict who share a common background, and distinguish between different types of exposure (direct versus indirect) and different sources of violence (conflict-related versus criminal violence). The experimental evidence collected in Colombia is consistent with a long-lasting and substantial effect of conflict exposure on risk attitudes. Victims are more likely to take risks and less likely to make safe choices than nonvictims, controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and attitudinal factors. The effect is significant only when the source of violence is conflict (exerted by guerrilla or paramilitary militias) and when violence is experienced directly by individuals. Indirect conflict exposure (suffered by close relatives) and criminal violence leave no significant mark on participants’ risk attitudes in the study.

scholarly journals How to measure uncertainty in uncertainty sampling for active learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Shaker ◽  
Eyke Hüllermeier
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Total Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Sampling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Active Learner ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractVarious strategies for active learning have been proposed in the machine learning literature. In uncertainty sampling, which is among the most popular approaches, the active learner sequentially queries the label of those instances for which its current prediction is maximally uncertain. The predictions as well as the measures used to quantify the degree of uncertainty, such as entropy, are traditionally of a probabilistic nature. Yet, alternative approaches to capturing uncertainty in machine learning, alongside with corresponding uncertainty measures, have been proposed in recent years. In particular, some of these measures seek to distinguish different sources and to separate different types of uncertainty, such as the reducible (epistemic) and the irreducible (aleatoric) part of the total uncertainty in a prediction. The goal of this paper is to elaborate on the usefulness of such measures for uncertainty sampling, and to compare their performance in active learning. To this end, we instantiate uncertainty sampling with different measures, analyze the properties of the sampling strategies thus obtained, and compare them in an experimental study.

scholarly journals Model-Based Probabilistic Inversion Using Magnetic Data: A Case Study on the Kevitsa Deposit

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Nilgün Güdük ◽  
Miguel de la Varga ◽  
Janne Kaukolinna ◽  
Florian Wellmann
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Rock Properties ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Likelihood Functions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Geophysical Information ◽  
Different Sources

Structural geological models are widely used to represent relevant geological interfaces and property distributions in the subsurface. Considering the inherent uncertainty of these models, the non-uniqueness of geophysical inverse problems, and the growing availability of data, there is a need for methods that integrate different types of data consistently and consider the uncertainties quantitatively. Probabilistic inference provides a suitable tool for this purpose. Using a Bayesian framework, geological modeling can be considered as an integral part of the inversion and thereby naturally constrain geophysical inversion procedures. This integration prevents geologically unrealistic results and provides the opportunity to include geological and geophysical information in the inversion. This information can be from different sources and is added to the framework through likelihood functions. We applied this methodology to the structurally complex Kevitsa deposit in Finland. We started with an interpretation-based 3D geological model and defined the uncertainties in our geological model through probability density functions. Airborne magnetic data and geological interpretations of borehole data were used to define geophysical and geological likelihoods, respectively. The geophysical data were linked to the uncertain structural parameters through the rock properties. The result of the inverse problem was an ensemble of realized models. These structural models and their uncertainties are visualized using information entropy, which allows for quantitative analysis. Our results show that with our methodology, we can use well-defined likelihood functions to add meaningful information to our initial model without requiring a computationally-heavy full grid inversion, discrepancies between model and data are spotted more easily, and the complementary strength of different types of data can be integrated into one framework.

A Review on Green Synthesis and Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 5812-5834
Author(s):  
Rachana Yadwade ◽  
Saili Kirtiwar ◽  
Balaprasad Ankamwar
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Aqueous System ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Different Sources

Bio-fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles by using different sources of plants, plant parts and microbial cells have become a great topic of interest nowadays due to its eco-friendly nature. The stabilizing and capping agents in biological sources are biocompatible, stable and non-toxic which make its use beneficial for various biomedical applications. The bacteria are able to utilize metal ions and convert them into their respective nanoparticles by secreting different biomolecules. The plants and plant parts contain different types of phytochemicals which play a key role in synthesis and bio-fabrication of nanoparticles. Iron oxide nanoparticles are known to have various applications in the fields of medicine, environment etc. This review summarizes the applications of iron oxide nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent, drug delivery agent, material for removal of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous system etc. Due to these wide applications of iron oxide nanoparticles its demand in various fields is increasing considerably. This review describes different approaches which are used for biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and their applications. The review also summarizes about the surface modification strategies of iron oxide nanoparticles by using different polymers, polyelectrolytes which can be used for in-vivo applications.

scholarly journals “A dismantled society”: meta-synthesis of the phenomenon of violence in indigenous populations

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berenice Juan-Martínez ◽  
Lubia del Carmen Castillo-Arcos ◽  
Leticia Cortaza-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Human Care ◽  
Ebsco Host ◽  
Nursing Professionals ◽  
Consequences Of Violence

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze publications of qualitative studies that addressed the phenomenon of violence in indigenous population. METHOD Meta-synthesis of studies published in the period of 2006 to 2016, with search in the Ebsco Host, Cuiden Plus, Science Direct, Springer, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS A new reinterpretation of the findings was generated from the codes and categories of the primary articles. Five categories emerged: living violence, factors associated with patterns of violence, consequences of violence, interaction dynamics in situations of violence, and how to deal with violence. CONCLUSIONS Indigenous people experience different types of violence at an early age; experienced in the family. This makes it an emerging social problem that must be taken care of urgently and represents an area of opportunity for the nursing professionals whose central focus is human care.

Loss of Life and Loss of Bodily Integrity: Two Different Sources of Threat for People who are Ill

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Viney
Keyword(s):  
Healthy People ◽  
Personal Construct ◽  
Personal Construct Theory ◽  
Bodily Integrity ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Construct Theory ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Different Sources

Personal construct theory was used to generate some questions about the meanings that different types of threat–loss of life and loss of bodily integrity–hold for people who are severely ill. Content analyses of the responses of ill people and healthy people indicated that ill people expressed more concern with both types of threat than healthy people. Ill people who were suffering from acute rather than chronic illness, who were scheduled for surgery and who were hospitalized rather than being cared for at home expressed more concern about loss of life but not about loss of bodily integrity than other ill people. Each type of threatened loss was found to be associated with a different set of psychological states for people who were ill. Threat of loss of life was associated with indirectly expressed anger and uncertainty but also with the expression of many positive feelings. Threat of loss of bodily integrity was also associated with indirectly expressed anger, but with direct expression of it too, together with hopelessness and helplessness. Patients facing the first threat saw themselves as actively engaged in relationships with others, while those facing the second viewed themselves more often as passive participants. The value of this information about the meanings of threats of loss of life and loss of bodily integrity for the counseling of ill people dealing with these threats was illustrated by two case studies.

scholarly journals TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNERS SELF-CALIBRATION STUDY: DATUM CONSTRAINTS ANALYSES FOR NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-2/W4 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Abbas ◽  
H. Setan ◽  
Z. Majid ◽  
A. K. Chong ◽  
L. Chong Luh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Network Configuration ◽  
Calibration Technique ◽  
Self Calibration ◽  
Laser Scanners ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Calibration Study ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Selection Of

Similar to other electronic instruments, terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) can also inherent with various systematic errors coming from different sources. Self-calibration technique is a method available to investigate these errors for TLS which were adopted from photogrammetry technique. According to the photogrammetry principle, the selection of datum constraints can cause different types of parameter correlations. However, the network configuration applied by TLS and photogrammetry calibrations are quite different, thus, this study has investigated the significant of photogrammetry datum constraints principle in TLS self-calibration. To ensure that the assessment is thorough, the datum constraints analyses were carried out using three variant network configurations: 1) minimum number of scan stations; 2) minimum number of surfaces for targets distribution; and 3) minimum number of point targets. Based on graphical and statistical, the analyses of datum constraints selection indicated that the parameter correlations obtained are significantly similar. In addition, the analysis has demonstrated that network configuration is a very crucial factor to reduce the correlation between the calculated parameters.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Auditor Negligence: The Effects of Big Data Visualisations on Jurors’ Decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Travis Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Jury Verdicts ◽  
Word Clouds ◽  
Audit Litigation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Bar Graphs

<p>This study analyses the effects of Big Data visualisations on jurors’ decisions in audit litigation cases. Specifically, the study investigates the effects of different types of Big Data visualisations (word clouds or bar graphs) and different sources of Big Data (emails or social media posts) on jurors’ perceptions of auditors’ work and the size of the negligence awards that jurors recommend. The study theorises that the emotions elicited and the reliability of the data used to create visualisations such as word clouds will have dramatic effects on jury verdicts in audit negligence trials. There is considerable literature to support this assertion. However, after data collection, it was discovered that jurors are not influenced by the emotions elicited by visualisations. Rather, participants were very sceptical of more novel types of visualisations, such as word clouds, but could be persuaded by the inherent emotions elicited and the reliability of the data if they found the visualisation useful.</p>

scholarly journals Oil sludge washing with surfactants and co-solvents: oil recovery from different types of oil sludges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Ramirez ◽  
Liz J. Shaw ◽  
Chris D. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
High Effect ◽  
Recovery Techniques ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Different physicochemical and biological treatments have been used to treat oil sludges, and oil recovery techniques are preferred such as oil sludge washing (OSW) with surfactants and co-solvents. Toluene is commonly used as co-solvent, but it is non-benign to the environment. This study tested alternative co-solvents (n-pentane, n-hexane, cyclohexane, and isooctane) at 1:1 and 2:1 C/OS (co-solvent to oil sludge ratio). Also, this study evaluated the effect on the oil recovery rate (ORR) of three main parameters in the washing: type, concentration, and application ratio (S/OS) of surfactants to oil sludges. To date, no study has assessed these parameters in the washing of oil sludges from different sources. Four types of oil sludges and five surfactants (Triton X-100 and X-114, Tween 80, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), and rhamnolipid) were used. The results showed that cyclohexane had high ORR and could be used instead of toluene because it is more benign to the environment. The S/OS ratio had a high effect on the ORR and depended on the type of oil sludge. Rhamnolipid, Triton X-100, and Triton X-114 had the highest oil recovery rates (40 – 70%). In addition, it was found that the surfactant concentration had no effect on the ORR. Consequently, the addition of surfactant was not significantly different compared to the washing with no surfactants, except for one sludge. The use of the surfactant in the washing solution can help in the selective extraction of specific oil hydrocarbon fractions in the recovered oil to assess its potential reuse as fuel. Further recommendations were given to improve the OSW process.

Cross-classified Multilevel Models for Personal Networks: Detecting and Accounting for Overlapping Actors

2019 ◽  
pp. 004912411988245
Author(s):  
Raffaele Vacca ◽  
Jeanne-Marie R. Stacciarini ◽  
Mark Tranmer
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Support ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Network Overlap ◽  
Different Sources

Multilevel models are increasingly used in sociology and other social sciences to analyze variation of tie outcomes in egocentrically sampled network data, particularly in studies of social support. Existing research assumes that the personal networks in the data do not overlap (i.e., they do not have actors in common), which makes standard hierarchical models suitable for analysis. This assumption is unrealistic in certain sampling designs, including the case of egos sampled from higher level groups or via link-tracing methods. We describe different types of ego-network overlap and propose a method to detect overlapping actors and analyze the resulting data with cross-classified multilevel models. The method is demonstrated with an application to research on personal networks and social support among Hispanic immigrants in rural U.S. destinations. Overlap detection and modeling result in better model fit, more correct partition of tie variation among different sources, and the ability to test new substantive hypotheses.

scholarly journals Women's Experiences of Preeclampsia: Australian Action on Preeclampsia Survey of Women and Their Confidants

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. East ◽  
K. Conway ◽  
W. Pollock ◽  
N. Frawley ◽  
S. Brennecke
Keyword(s):  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Postal Survey ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Consumer Group ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Close Relatives

Introduction. The experience of normal pregnancy is often disrupted for women with preeclampsia (PE).Materials and Methods. Postal survey of the 112 members of the consumer group, Australian Action on Pre-Eclampsia (AAPEC).Results. Surveys were returned by 68 women (61%response rate) and from 64 (57%) partners, close relatives or friends. Respondents reported experiencing pre-eclampsia (n=53), eclampsia (n=5), and/or Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets (HELLP syndrome) (n=26). Many women had no knowledge of PE prior to diagnosis (77%) and, once diagnosed, did not appreciate how serious or life threatening it was (50%). Women wanted access to information about PE. Their experience contributed substantial anxiety towards future pregnancies. Partners/friends/relatives expressed fear for the woman and/or her baby and had no prior understanding of PE.Conclusions. The PE experience had a substantial effect on women, their confidants, and their babies and affected their approach to future pregnancies. Access to information about PE was viewed as very important.

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