Characterization of Physical Field and Flow Assurance Risk Analysis of Subsea Cage-Sleeve Throttling Valve

The subsea production system is presently widely adopted in deepwater oil and gas development. The throttling valve is the key piece of equipment of the subsea production system, controlling the safety of oil and gas production. There are many valves with serious throttling effect in the subsea X-tree, so the hydrate formation risk is relatively high. In this work, a 3D cage-sleeve throttling valve model was established by the numerical simulation method. The temperature and pressure field of the subsea throttling valve was accurately characterized under different prefilling pressure, throttling valve opening degree, and fluid production. During the well startup period, the temperature of the subsea pipeline is low. If the pressure difference between the two ends of the pipeline is large, the throttling effect is obvious, and low temperature will lead to hydrate formation and affect the choice of throttling valve material. Based on the analysis of simulation results, this study recommends that the prefilling pressure of the subsea pipe is 7–8 MPa, which can effectively reduce the influence of the throttling effect so that the downstream temperature can be kept above 0°C. At the same time, in regular production, a suitable choke size is opened to match the production, preventing the serious throttling effect from a small choke size. According to the API temperature rating table, the negative impact of local low temperature caused by the throttling effect on the temperature resistance of the pipe was considered, and the appropriate subsea X-tree manifold material was selected to ensure production safety. The hydrate phase equilibrium curve is used to estimate the hydrate formation risk under thermodynamic conditions. Hydrate inhibitors are injected to ensure downstream flow safety.

Influence of the Ratio of Sheep and Cow Milk on the Composition and Yield Efficiency of Lećevački Cheese

Lećevački cheese is a traditional Croatian hard cheese, which belongs to the group of hard Mediterranean cheeses produced from mixed milk (cow and sheep). The aim of this research was to determine the influence of different ratios and compositions of sheep milk on the composition and yield of Lećevački cheese. A total of 15 batches of Lećevački cheese were selected containing different ratios of sheep and cow milk from the regular production of a dairy plant. The ratio of sheep milk was as follows: up to 39%, from 40 to 44%, and from 45 to 50%. For each ratio, five batches were randomly selected. A higher ratio of sheep milk caused a noticeable increase in fat, protein, lactose, and total solids content, while the content of solids-not-fat significantly (p < 0.05) increased. A similar trend was found for casein content (p < 0.1). The highest ratio of sheep milk in mixed milk increased (p < 0.05) the protein content by almost 1%. However, the results showed that it is not reasonable to increase the sheep milk ratio in mixed milk above 44% (v/v) because it causes a higher (p < 0.01) moisture content in the cheese, as well as a lower fat content (p < 0.01) and fat recovery (p = 0.07) during the manufacturing of Lećevački cheese.

Successful Water Shut Off Strategy for Multilayer Tubingless Wells at Mahakam Field: JM-X Case Study

The objective of this paper is to present the Mechanical Water Shut-Off (MWSO) strategy for multilayer reservoirs on tubingless well. With 10 open perforated reservoirs and no selectivity option, isolation on water producing reservoir will be the main challenge since production is commingled throughout the lifetime of well. Regular production tests performed through a Multiphase Flowmeter equipment on each offshore platform is a first indicator to monitor the evolution of water production in a well. JM-X well has been experiencing water breakthrough since one week after initial perforation and WGR keep increasing following gas production decline. The strategy was initiated by conducting a bottom hole monitoring survey to identify water sources. Production Logging Tool (PLT) was used to precisely monitor pressure, temperature, water holdup, and fluid rate along the wellbore for further water source and production allocation analysis. Once the water source reservoirs have been identified, MWSO operation was requested. There are several types of MWSO equipment that are commonly used in Offshore Mahakam field each of which has selective economic consideration based on the expected well reserve. Considering operation difficulties and cost, MWSO program was made then will be monitored during the operation time to ensure the operation runs safely and smoothly. MWSO strategy on well JM-X was proven to be able to reduce water production from 900 bpd to only 20 bpd with a significant gain of gas production from 3 MMscfd to 9.2 MMscfd and oil production from 200 bpd to 750 bpd.

Examining tweet content of the turkish ministry of health during covid-19: a qualitative analysis (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Health communication has become more critical than ever during the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, many officials and government agencies have made public information through this channel, which has made Twitter an alternative reliable media organ. OBJECTIVE The present study focuses on the posts made on the official Twitter account of the Turkish Ministry of Health on the communication process during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS In this qualitative study, a total of 1,349 unique COVID-19-related tweets posted between 1 March and 31 December 2020 were identified. The tweets were evaluated using the content analysis approach by two investigators. RESULTS Six primary themes emerged regarding the content of the messages: providing information, warning to the community, motivating people and morale-boosting, improving cooperation, scientific approach, and advice to the community. It was observed that the incidence of cases and the frequency of the tweets about motivating people and providing information themes were parallel. In addition, the warning to community tweets peaked towards the middle of the pandemic (August 2020), and then the dose of posts on this subject decreased. In addition, while the frequency of warning to community tweets towards the middle of the pandemic increased, then the dose of posts on this topic decreased. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that the Ministry of Health uses Twitter frequently and effectively to reach the public more easily in the fight against the pandemic. In the future waves of COVID-19 or other pandemics, the planned and regular production of these "tweets" by health professionals will provide a more transparent crisis management opportunity by taking the fear of the public related to the pandemic. This study can provide insights to health officials and government agencies for crisis communication publicizing health information via social media.

Mind the Gap: Animal Protection Law and Opinion of Sheep Farmers and Lay Citizens Regarding Animal Maltreatment in Sheep Farming in Southern Brazil

We aimed to study the gaps between the law and sheep farmer and citizen opinions regarding animal maltreatment by discussing the risk of sheep maltreatment in regular farming practices in Southern Brazil. We surveyed the perception of 56 farmers and 209 citizens regarding general animal and specific on-farm sheep maltreatment issues. The main themes from these two groups about the key components of animal maltreatment were similar: failing to provide for the basic animal needs (27.0%; 96 of 355 total quotes) and aggression or physical abuse (23.9%; 85/355). However, citizens (19.8%; 60/303) were more sensitive than farmers (9.6%; 5/52) to animal stress, suffering, fear, pain or painful procedures (p < 0.05). The perspective of citizens was closer than that of farmers to expert definitions for three situations: emaciation, movement restriction and tail docking without anesthetic use (p < 0.05). More citizens (71.6%; 116/162) than sheep farmers (49.0%; 24/49) believed that animal maltreatment occurs in sheep farming (p < 0.05), but nearly half of the farmers recognized sheep maltreatment within regular production practices. Most citizens (86.4%; 140/162) and all farmers (100.0%; 0/51) were unaware of any Brazilian animal protection law. Most citizens (79%; 131/167) stated that they would not purchase products from animals exposed to maltreatment. We suggest painful procedures as a major risk of animal maltreatment in sheep farming and a priority issue. With the many decades of animal protection laws and scientific recognition of animal sentience and welfare requirements, the level of cognitive dissonance and practical contradictions observed in our results indicate that mitigation policies are urgently needed.

TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTION OF A MEAT FARM WITH EQUAL VEAL SUPPLY DURING A YEAR

The technological solution of a meat farm for 1000 cows of a broodstock with a three-round hotel of cows is presented. The first round is planned in january – march, the second round – in may – july and the third-from september to november. The goal of the development is to ensure regular production of beef during the year, obtained from the slaughter of 6–7-month-old steers and 8–9-month-old chicks, grown on suckling under mother cows to a live weight of 170–216 kg. The average daily growth of bulls – 800, heifers-700 g. the daily supply of meat will reach 62.4 c, an average of 2 c per day. The average level of profitability is 30.6%. New design and planning solutions for industrial buildings are proposed. The parameters of the feed zone of the farm and the need for in-farm equipment were determined. When developing the master plan of the farm, the following main zones were identified: production purposes, storage and preparation of feed, auxiliary production. For the use of loose keeping of animals, the structural scheme of buildings was chosen without internal supports. Keeping cows with calves in winter is loose on a deep non-replaceable litter. Unlike young animals, the delivery of adult animals for meat takes place in September – October. For the mechanization of production processes, there are two mixers, a mini-feed mill, auto-watering machines, ball drinkers with electric heating, a water dispenser, a straw roll shredder, and a machine for treating animals with a disinfectant solution.

Thermal measurement and degradation quantification of teeming ladle refractories and the effects on the process

The key objective of the thesis was to quantify the heat loss caused to the liquid steel due to the cooling effect of the teeming ladle refractories. It was previously hypothesised that the in-situ degradation of insulation layer would increase this cooling effect. To determine the cooling effect of the degraded insulation material it was first thermally characterised with in-situ thermocouple measurements. Post-mortem samples were recovered from the teeming ladles used for the thermocouple measurements during their regular production cycles in a BOS plant. The post-mortem samples were then tested for their thermophysical properties. From this it was possible to determine the density increased from 260kg/m3 to 759.6 kg/m3, the thermal conductivity increased from 0.039W/m.K to 0.15W/m.K and the specific heat capacity decreased by 40% compared to its original state. These findings were then used to calculate the increased heat loss rate of the refractory material in the teeming ladle, which then in turn causes increased heat loss to the steel transported by the ladle. A thermal model was used to determine the heat flux stored in a fully saturated ladle and then different time periods of cooling with and without a lid. The effect of teeming ladle lids reduced the heat losses by up to 11°C per cycle compared to a ladle without a lid. Whereas the heat loss due to the insulative layer degradation was calculated to be <1°C for the initial heats before the ladle reached production temperatures and, therefore, had minimal effect. However, the degradation did show an increase in teeming ladle shell temperatures, which needs to be taken into account for service temperature monitoring. The thermal profiles of the modelled scenarios showed that if an accurate hot face measurement could be achieved it would be possible to accurately predict the cooling effect of each teeming ladle in production. This study was able to accurately measure the refractories and slag taken from a teeming and utilise the geometry of the ladle to reduce the error from thermal imaging. Previously predictions were used that could cause errors up to ±175°C when taking thermal images of the teeming ladle hot face. Through the method adopted in this study it was possible to take accurate measurements of the hot face within ±5°C. This can now be utilised by a thermal model to make accurate real time predictions of the heat loss caused by teeming ladle refractories. Thereby reducing the reheating required and improving the quality of steel produced.

NEOLOGISATION EXTENT OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FIELD “SMART ENERGY SYSTEMS” IN MODERN ENGLISH

Введение. Количественные и качественные изменения словарного состава современного английского языка и регулярное появление обширных неогенных сегментов лексики в его составе не только свидетельствуют о его жизнеспособности, но и являются прямыми доказательствами его динамичной эволюции в современном мире, давно обогнавшей другие языки по показателям тенденций развития в синхронной перспективе. Сообразуясь с инновациями в специальных отраслях знаний, современный английский язык автоматически выступает языком-лексикализатором для новообразующихся ономасиологических структур, одной и которых является лексико-семантическое поле «Интеллектуальные энергетические системы». Материал и методы. Материальной базой послужил авторский исследовательский корпус лексических единиц (всего 1 144 единицы), отобранных из аутентичных научно-технических изданий на английском языке в сфере интеллектуальных энергетических систем за период с 2015 по 2019 г. Статус неологизма в соответствующем сегменте корпуса определяется на основе лемматических статей таких репрезентативных лексикографических справочников современного английского языка, как Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering, Dictionary of Technical Terms, Electropedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology, Engineering Dictionary, Power Engineering Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary, Collins Online Dictionary, Urban Dictionary и др. В качестве рационально-эмпирической платформы исследования выступает структурно-системный подход, позволяющий интерпретировать структурные зависимости лексических множеств как систему (подсистему) элементов, а сам язык – как структурно-системное образование. Для определения степени неологизации лексико-семантического поля «Интеллектуальные энергетические системы» в составе современного английского языка использованы традиционные методы логики (анализ, синтез, сравнение, сопоставление, обобщение, противопоставление и пр.), методы статистики (квантитативный метод, метод группировки) и лингвистические методы, к которым относятся дескриптивный и структурные методы (метод компонентного анализа и непосредственных составляющих). Результаты и обсуждение. Процесс появления терминологических новообразований идет непрерывно на фоне значительного запоздания их лексикографической фиксации. На основе данных квантитативного и сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа выявлены темпы прироста тематических групп неогенными элементами и их локализация в исследуемом лексико-семантическом поле. Определение особенностей дистрибуции лексических новообразований позволяет спрогнозировать тенденции формирования терминологического аппарата сферы интеллектуальных энергетических систем в современном английском языке. В тематических группах преобладают двух- и трехкомпонентные терминонеологизмы, образованные при помощи композиционной словообразовательной модели, реализующей их номинативную функцию и стремление к детализации предлагаемых номинаций. Лексическое наполнение указанного поля идет фактически по межам увеличения и сокращения лексической длины конституирующих его единиц, отражающих актуальные тенденции развития словарного состава современного английского языка. Заключение. Анализ структуры лексико-семантического поля «Интеллектуальные энергетические системы» позволяет сделать вывод, что в ходе его генеза периферийная зона образовывалась вокруг ядерной и центральной полевых структур и содержит языковой материал, импортированный из смежных ономасиологических областей и характеризующийся наибольшим языковым приростом. Introduction. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the modern English vocabulary and regular production of extensive neogenic lexical segments in its content demonstrate the viability of this language and are vivid evidences of its dynamic evolution in the modern society confirming its leading position in the development trend indicators in the synchronous perspective. Coinciding with innovations in special areas of knowledge, modern English acts automatically as a vocabulary producer for new forming onomasiologic structures to which the lexical-semantic field “Smart Energy Systems” belongs. Material and methods. Author’s corpus consisting of 1 144 lexical units served as a material resource for this research. The corpus was selected from authentic scientific and technical publications over the period from 2015 to 2019. The neologism status in the specified corpus segment was determined through lemmatic articles taken from representative lexicographical references books like “Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering”, “Dictionary of Technical Terms”, “Electropedia”, “Encyclopedia Britannica”, “Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology”, “Engineering Dictionary”, “Power Engineering Dictionary”, “Cambridge Dictionary”, “Collins Online Dictionary”, “Urban Dictionary”, etc. Structural and systemic approach constitutes the rational and empirical platform of this study enabling to interpret structural relations of lexical aggregates as a system (subsystem) of elements and the language as a structural and systemic formation. To determine the neologization extent of the lexical-semantic field “Smart Energy Systems” some traditional methods of logic (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, contrasting, etc.) and statistics (quantitative, grouping method) as well as linguistic methods (descriptive and structural for component and constituent analysis) were used. Results and discussion. The formation of terminological neologisms is continuous while their lexicographical documentation is characterized by an impressive delay. Based on the quantitative and comparative analysis, the neogenic growth rate in thematic groups was determined and the localization of terminological neologisms in the lexical-semantic field was specified. The knowledge of neological distribution makes it possible to predict the trends of terminology formation in the field of smart energy systems in the modern English. Two and three component wordformative models are predominant in thematic groups which reflect their nominative function and display their tendency to specification. The vocabulary enhancement of the lexical-semantic field “Smart Energy Systems” follows two ways: the extension and abridgement of words and collocations lexical length reflecting current trends in the lexical enrichment in the modern English. Conclusion. Upon the analysis of the lexical-semantic structure of the lexical-semantic field “Smart Energy Systems” the following conclusion is made: the peripheral zone, formed around the core, contains the language material imported from allied onomasiologic fields and, therefore, distinguishes by the fastest pace of neologization.