Evaluating the Pollution of the Apies River in Pretoria South Africa

This study was done to assess the pollution of Apies River using both chemical and microbiological methods. The pollution index of the river revealed that the concentration of most pollutants downstream is more than 50% of the upstream concentration. The natural sources of the pollution in Apies River are the weathering of geological formations; whereas the anthropogenic sources are agriculture; Municipal WWTW and direct deposit of waste into the river. The natural sources of pollution contributed towards chemical pollution; whereas the anthropogenic sources contributed both chemical and microbiological pollution. The Apies River is hypertrophic downstream of the Rooiwal WWTW; however the current physiochemical state of the River warrants its ability to be used for safe irrigation in agricultural practices. The current microbiological state of the River does make it harmful for human consumption especially as drinking water; however, the water should be boiled prior to use to inactivate the bacteria present in the water. The study was able to provide in analysis the variation of the contaminants in the River.

ZNAČAJ MIKROBIOLOŠKE ISPRAVNOSTI VODE U ZAŠTITI ZDRAVLJA STANOVNIŠTVA

In addition to physical and chemical pollution of water, from the aspect of the impact of water on the health of the population, monitoring and prevention of microbiological pollution of water, especially water used for drinking, is extremely important. In this paper, the importance of microbiological safety of water in protecting the health of the population is considered.

Determination of Microbiological Pollution Level of Lake Van and Lake Erçek Situated within the Borders of Van Province

Objective: Lake Van is one of the most important recreation areas of the region. Investigation of microbiological pollution of Lake Van is very important for public health. The aim of this study is to assess the microbiological pollution and determine water quality of the lakes Van and Erçek situated within Van Province, which are used for swimming and recreation to protect both human and environmental health. For this purpose, the presence of fecal coliform, total coliform and enterococci were investigated in samples taken from 29 different points of the lakes. Method: Between June and September 2015, 232 water samples were taken from predefined 29 points, every two weeks, and sent to the Public Health Laboratory of Van Province in 300-500 mL sterile plastic bottles in accordance with Bathing Water Quality Regulation (76/160 / EU: add-on clause 5. Membrane filtration method was used to analyze the samples for coliform bacilli and enterococci. Mandatory values according to bathing water quality regulation were taken as 2000 cfu/100 ml,10000 cfu/100 ml and 1000 cfu/100 ml for fecal coliform, total coliform and enterococcus, respectively. Results: In 196 (84%) of 232 water samples collected, no bacterial contamination was found, while 36 (16%) samples were found contaminated with fecal coliform, total coliform and Enterococcus species. At least one or more specimens of poor quality water were detected in 17 of 29 sampled beaches. Conclusion: It was envisaged to take precautions by restricting the use of the places where microbiological pollution was detected. In addition, regular analyzes are important for public health.

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF E. COLI GENETIC DIVERSITY IN THE GUADALUPE RIVER: INITIAL APPROACH TO FECAL POLLUTION TRACKING

Four sites in the Guadalupe River were sampled for coliform bacteria from the winter 2016 through spring 2017 to assess the microbiological pollution situation in the river and to identify pollution sources. Numbers of putative coliforms detected ranged from below detection limits to 260 CFUs per 100 mL. Over the time period sampled, coliform levels exhibited strong seasonality, probably linked to the amount of rainfall prior to the sampling date. Molecular analysis of confirmed E. coli isolates demonstrated that the spike in coliform numbers 03 December 2016 was dominated by only two unique fingerprints, suggesting the possibility of a watershed source for fecal contamination in the urban area. The diversity of E. coli fingerprints was much greater in the rural portion of the river, suggesting a variety of coliform sources, probably including wildlife. Further studies are needed to identify and manage sources of fecal pollution.

Contribution to the Study of the Environmental Impact of Microbiological Pollution of the Water in the Lukaya River, Kinshasa DR of Congo

The data used in this work were collected between the month of January and February of the year 2016 in the Lukaya River, located in the commune of Mont-ngafula, in the city province of Kinshasa. The DRC does not have a specific law or a water code and a clear national policy on integrated water resources management. Several projects exist and are underway with the support of German cooperation. The framework for the application of the laws of the related sectors is hardly applied this favors pollution, the irrational exploitation of fishery resources, inappropriate use of chemicals raising hygienic and environmental concerns. The objective of this work is to assess the environmental impact of the microbiological pollution of the water in the Lukaya River. The water samples were taken from the different sites in 600 ml plastic Canadian bottles and their analysis was performed at the INRB laboratory and the approach adopted in this work is that of membrane filtration which led to the following results: a high bacteriological concentration and numerous pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter, Proteus penneri, Citrabacter and many other bacteria which testify to faecal contamination such as coliforms and faecal streptococci.