REMOVAL OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE D-240 ENGINE WHEN USING BIOFUELS BY APPLYING THE DIESEL-RK SOFTWARE COMPLEX

Ukraine is one of the energy-deficient countries because it covers its needs in fuel and energy resources from domestic reserves by only 53% (imports 75% of the required natural gas and 85% of crude oil and petroleum products). Dependence on oil imports is seen by most developed countries as a matter of national and energy security, and the use of petroleum products as energy sources poses a significant environmental risk. According to the analysis of the state of the world engine industry, the most effective measures to improve the design of the engine are: development and implementation of a new workflow with effective methods of mixing and combustion; development and creation of the design of the system of automatic regulation of diesel rotation. frequency to improve fuel economy And to reduce toxicity in partial load mode, some cylinders are switched off at idle. To strengthen the requirements for fuel consumption standards and the level of toxicity of exhaust gases, as well as to increase the reliability and efficiency of agricultural power engines, it is necessary to formulate measures to improve its design. The choice of a fuel should be determined by the optimal combination of environmental and economic performance of the engine. Prospects for the use of a particular fuel of plant origin are noted. If for fuels of petroleum origin the improvement of its properties is determined by special processing, then oils with the set characteristics can be received already in "field" by selection of the corresponding grades of plants, use of fertilizers, agronomic actions, etc. The problem of reducing the consumption of diesel fuel at idle and low load can be solved by excluding from its operation part of the cylinders (this method is widely used) and closing the cycle of one cylinder. A comparative analysis of the main technical and environmental performance of the D-240 diesel engine when working on traditional and alternative fuels using the computer program Diesel-RK.

ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS OF A PART MADE USING ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY

The calculated dependences for determining the surface roughness parameters of a part made by selective laser fusion from materials that are certified and widely used in the aircraft engine industry are presented. A comparison of the values of the height parameters of the roughness obtained by calculation and on the basis of the experiment is presented. On the basis of the presented dependencies, a calculation algorithm is developed, which is the basis of the software for calculating on a computer.

Tensoactive replacement analysis in the pretreatment process of steel castings 1006 of the electrostatic paint line of an engine industry

Com intuito de reduzir custos e aumentar a produtividade há uma busca incessante por melhorias nos processos industriais. A fim de minimizar os custos de operação da linha de pintura eletrostática de uma empresa de motores localizada no norte do estado do Espírito Santo, propõe-se a substituição do tensoativo utilizado na preparação do banho desengraxante para pré-tratamento das carcaças de aço carbono. O tratamento de superfície é o estágio essencial no processo de fabricação de peças que receberão um acabamento de pintura, pois o mesmo remove as sujidades promovendo então melhor aderência da tinta e consequentemente reduzindo a possibilidade de oxidação da superfície dos materiais tratados. Foram realizadas análises de custos com a finalidade de expor os possíveis ganhos com a substituição do tensoativo. Posteriormente, realizou-se teste laboratorial (teste de aderência) com o propósito de verificar a qualidade das peças após o tratamento no que tange a aderência da tinta a superfície do material. A partir da análise de custos verificou-se que a estimativa de economia é de aproximadamente 15% em relação ao processo atual. Sendo assim, a substituição do tensoativo torna-se vantajoso, pois minimiza o consumo de energia elétrica, gás natural e reduz o tempo de espera para começar a operar devido ao aquecimento do banho, além de garantir a qualidade das peças no que se referem ao atendimento à norma vigente.

РЫНОК И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЛЕГКИХ ВЕРТОЛЕТОВ С ГАЗОТУРБИННЫМИ ДВИГАТЕЛЯМИ

In the introductory part of the article, it is provided brief information about the main activity of JSC “Element”- developer and manufacturer of electronic control systems for aircraft engines, in particular unit RDTs-450M for AI-450M helicopter turboshaft gas turbine engines, created by SE “Ivchenko-Progress”. JSC ”Element”, together with its partners - SE “Ivchenko-Progress” and JSC “Motor-Sich” – for more than 10 years involved in the modernization of Mi-2 light helicopter.In the next section is gave the classification of helicopters, as well as a segment of light helicopters with turbine engines. It is outlined the scope of light helicopters. It is noted that the segment of light helicopters with turbine engines – the most popular in the world market of civil helicopters and provides a forecast of the supply of these helicopters for the next 10 years.Lists the world's major developers and manufacturers of light helicopters, and the technical characteristics of 12 models of light helicopters with turbine engines are depicted. It is noted that most helicopter models are not entirely new developments and have been modernized over many years. The characteristic design features of light helicopters with turbine engines, especially the layout of plant and equipment are depicted. There is a trend of using one model of helicopter multiple engine types.Lists the world's major developers and manufacturers of engines for light helicopters, as well as the technical characteristics of the six models of gas turbine engines are depicted. The main structural and compositional features of gas-turbine engines of different manufacturers and types of a helicopter on which they installed are described. Separately, brief information about the Ukrainian gas-turbine engines: AI-450M and MS-500V. It is noted that all, without exception, mentioned in the article, engines are equipped with a digital single or dual-channel FADEC type control system with hydro-mechanical redundancy.Brief information about individual conceptual samples of rotary-wing technology introduced in recent years is given. The main directions of work in the field of helicopter engines are described.In conclusion, the Ukrainian helicopter and Aero-engine industry are in a difficult economic situation, but remain competitive and require assistance and the expansion of the market.

First NATI autotractor diesels

At the end of the 20s of the last century, automotive diesels made their debut on the markets of European countries. In the USSR, the Scientific Automobile Engine Institute in 1929 began to test tractors running on oil, and research their engines. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in searching for the key points that influenced the creation of the first automobile-type diesels by the Scientific Automotive Institute, the choice of the type and characteristics of these engines; identifying the factors that influenced the implementation of these structures in metal. (Materials and methods) The first directive decisions on automotive dieselmotors appeared in the USSR in 1929; they were set out in the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of July 29, 1929. "On the state of defense of the USSR". NATI-1-60 diesel and its NATI 2-40 version for the automotive industry has been developed by the Research Automobile and Motor Institute. The NATI-1-60 diesel had a power of 60 horsepower at 1600 rpm; NATI-2-40 diesel was designed for wheeled tractors of the “International” type, had a power of 40 horsepower at 1400 rpm. (Results and discussion) The production of prototype engines was complicated by the lack of production facilities at NATI, and the production of prototypes at the Institute's plant was not carried out. The government did not allocate currency for the purchase of imported equipment. (Conclusions) The Automobile and Motor Research Institute, not being able to produce its own diesel engines, tried to do this through broad cooperation between domestic enterprises. However, the construction of the first diesels faced the reluctance of the giant factories to produce them, despite the guidelines. This caused a delay in the dieselefication of the country's automotive engine industry at the initial stage.

Analysis of Composite Blade/Casing Rub Stability Through Delayed Differential Equations

To improve aerodynamic efficiencies, the clearances between blades and casings are becoming smaller and smaller in the aero-engine industry, which might lead to the interactions between these components. These unexpected interactions are known as the so-called blade/casing rubs. Abradable materials are implemented on the inner surface of the casings to reduce the potential damages caused by it. However, failures may still arise from blade/casing rubs according to experimental investigations and actual accidents. In this paper, a reduced-order delayed differential equations (DDEs) are used to simplify the rubbing process between composite blade and casing. It is assumed that the removal of the abradable material in blade/casing rubbing process shares a resemblance with machine tool chatters encountered in machining. The DDEs are established with centrifugal stiffness and the impacts of stacking sequences on the blade damping taking into consideration. Semidiscretization method (SDM) is used to study the stabilities of the simplified system, which is verified by cluster treatment of characteristic roots (CTCR) and direct integrations. The results show that the stacking sequences, rub positions, blade damping, and stiffness could have much impact on the relatively dangerous interaction regimes. With the help of this method, one can assist the design processes of the composite blade-casing interface in initial aero-engine structural designs.

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

A paradigm shift towards the utilization of carbon-neutral and low emission fuels is necessary in the internal combustion engine industry to fulfil the carbon emission goals and future legislation requirements in many countries. Hydrogen as an energy carrier and main fuel is a promising option due to its carbon-free content, wide flammability limits and fast flame speeds. For spark-ignited internal combustion engines, utilizing hydrogen direct injection has been proven to achieve high engine power output and efficiency with low emissions. This review provides an overview of the current development and understanding of hydrogen use in internal combustion engines that are usually spark ignited, under various engine operation modes and strategies. This paper then proceeds to outline the gaps in current knowledge, along with better potential strategies and technologies that could be adopted for hydrogen direct injection in the context of compression-ignition engine applications—topics that have not yet been extensively explored to date with hydrogen but have shown advantages with compressed natural gas.

Effective Search Engine Spam Classification

Search engine spam is formed by the spam creators for commercial gain. Spammers applied different strategies in web pages to display the first page of web search results. These strategies may avoid displaying good quality web pages in the top of search engine results page. Nowadays there are numerous devised algorithms available to identify search engine spam. Even though search engines are still affected by search engine spam. There is a necessity for search engine industry to filter search engine spam in the best way. The proposed study identifies spam in web search engine. Spammers try to use most popular search keywords, popular links and advertising keywords in web pages. This strategy helps to increase ranking to display the top of search results. The proposed method is used important features to detect spam pages which are classified using decision tree C4.5 classifier. This method produces better performance when compared with existing classification methods.

Study of Mixed-Mode Cracking of Dovetail Root of an Aero-Engine Blade Like Structure

Aerospace structures must be designed in such a way so as to be able to withstand even more flight cycles and/or increased loads. Damage tolerance analysis could be exploited more and more to study, understand, and calculate the residual life of a component when a crack occurs in service. In this paper, the authors are presenting the results of a systematic crack propagation analysis campaign performed on a compressor-blade-like structure. The point of novelty is that different blade design parameters are varied and explored in order to investigate how the crack propagation rate in low cycle fatigue (LCF, at R ratio R = 0) could be reduced. The design parameters/variables studied in this work are: (1) The length of the contact surfaces between the dovetail root and the disc and (2) their inclination angle (denoted as “flank angle” in the aero-engine industry). Effects of the friction coefficient between the disc and the blade root have also been investigated. The LCF crack propagation analyses have been performed by recalculating the stress field as a function of the crack propagation by using the FRacture ANalysis Code (Franc3D®).

Analysis of Composite Blade/Casing Rub Stability Through Delayed Differential Equations

To improve aerodynamic efficiencies, the clearances between blades and casings are becoming smaller and smaller in the aero-engine industry, which might lead to the interactions between these components. These unexpected interactions are known as the so called blade/casing rubs. Abradable materials are implemented on the inner surface of the casings to reduce the potential damages caused by it. However, failures may still arise from blade/casing rubs according to experimental investigations and actual accidents. In this paper, a reduced-order delayed differential equations are used to simplify the rubbing process between composite blade and casing. It is assumed that the removal of the abradable material in blade/casing rubbing process shares a resemblance with machine tool chatters encountered in machining. The delayed differential equations are established with centrifugal stiffness and the impacts of stacking sequences on the blade damping taking into consideration. Semi-Discretization Method (SDM) is used to study the stabilities of the simplified system, which is verified by Cluster Treatment of Characteristic Roots (CTCR) and direct integrations. The results show that the stacking sequences, rub positions, blade damping and stiffness could have much impact on the relatively dangerous interaction regimes. With the help of this method, one can assist the design processes of the composite blade-casing interface in initial aero-engine structural designs.