funzione della nostalgia creativa

Drawing from the corpus of the twenty-four authors anthologised in Poeti italiani nati negli anni ’80 e ’90 (Latiano, Interno Poesia, 2019-2020), this work aims to give an account of the recurring themes and topics of these texts. The first two volumes of this anthology reveal, in spite of a rich formal differentiation and a variety of stylistic solutions, a strong concordance of themes and desire: thematically, these works betray an anxiety concerning the problem of the disintegration of the world, yet they also share in a desire for salvation, achieved by reconstituting oneself in an individual or communal space, through the specific means of poetry. Thus, the images of collapse and epidemic prevail, variously resolved in urban and peripheral contexts, equally opposed by repeated attempts of nostoi and a strong craving for light. This horizontal tendency seems to be the link through which to weave a broader generational discourse which transcends individual authors. A key for interpreting this discourse will be offered, in the second part of the paper, in the function of creative nostalgia. A partire dal corpus dei ventiquattro autori presenti nell’antologia Poeti italiani nati negli anni ’80 e ’90 (Latiano, Interno Poesia, 2019-2020), questo lavoro si propone di focalizzare e mettere in relazione i nodi tematici ricorrenti nei testi. I primi due volumi di quest’antologia rivelano infatti, a dispetto di una ricca differenziazione formale e di soluzioni stilistiche, una forte concordanza tematica e desiderativa, laddove il tema riguarda soprattutto il problema della disgregazione del mondo e il desiderio la capacità di salvarsene, ricostituendosi in uno spazio individuale o comunitario grazie ai mezzi specifici del gesto poetico stesso. Prevalgono allora le immagini del crollo e dell’epidemia, variamente risolte in contesti urbani e periferici, a cui si oppongono altrettanto variamente ripetuti tentativi di nostoi e una fortissima e dilagante ansia di luce. Questa propensione orizzontale sembra a tutti gli effetti la maglia stretta su cui intessere un discorso generazionale più largamente inteso, un discorso che trascenda le singole istanze individuali. Una chiave di lettura per questo discorso verrà individuata, nella seconda parte dell’intervento, nella funzione della nostalgia creativa.

Defining Reality: Photography and the Surrealist Concept of the Image in Poland in the 1940s

The text discusses definitions of photography formulated in Poland in the 1940s. The author analyses Zbigniew Dłubak’s series of photographs inspired by the poetry of Pablo Neruda in reference to surrealism, Marxism, and, primarily, to Władysław Strzemiński’s theory of vision. Particular emphasis is placed on the concept of the image shared by Dłubak and Strzemiński, a concept that links the issue of realism with individual expression, allowing for a formal differentiation of representation (abstraction). In consequence, the analysed series by Dłubak is presented as sharing similarities with seemingly formally remote series of collages To My Friends the Jews by Strzemiński. Both demonstrate an ambition to express in the modern form both collective realism as well as individual memory, primarily of the war events. Proposed interpretation suggests that the use and understanding of photography as a medium closely tied to reality had a decisive meaning for the new formula of the image constructed right after 1945 – formula open to experimenting, yet also ideologically radical, addressing the existential problems of the individual involved with the new political order.

Formal differentiation at upper secondary education in Finland: subject-level choices and stratified pathways to socio-economic status and unemployment

We study labour market outcomes by formal differentiation at upper secondary and tertiary level in Finland. Using full population register data, we take individuals born in 1976 and explore their socio-economic status and the probability of unemployment by educational qualifications and social origin in early adulthood (age 30) and at occupational maturity (age 40). We differentiate based on the level of maths, the most consequential subject choice at general upper secondary education, and show that subject-level choices divert students to stratified tertiary-level degrees and labour market positions net of prior school performance, social origin and gender. In addition, we show that educational performance and qualifications mediate the association between social origin and socio-economic status by 81.83%, leaving around one fifth to unobserved social origin differences. We also find that there are no major differences between upper secondary school tracks with respect to experiencing unemployment at age 30 or 40. Moreover, further educational degrees do not appear to provide additional protection against unemployment than having obtained an upper secondary qualification.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Subject-level choices at general upper secondary education lead to differences in socio-economic status.</li><br /><li>Vocational qualifications protect against unemployment but lead to lower socio-economic status.</li><br /><li>Further degrees after secondary education do not provide additional protection against unemployment.</li></ul>

Counting and measuring in Mẽbengokre and the count/mass distinction

Though there is no formal differentiation between count and mass nouns in Mẽbengokre, a Jê language from central Brazil, a contrast can be seen in the coercion that numerals and some quantifiers induce in mass nouns. This coercion, that leads to both a type of and unit of readings, is the only type of discretization of mass concepts that can be done within a noun phrase in the language, as measure classifiers do not exist, something that we argue for in some detail.

Analogy between costume and architecture as fashion

Architecture withen its environment is a field of knowledge that exchanges influence for various disciplines, The concept of fashion emerged in various fields espatialy those that had both sids physical and meaning such as architecture and costume. That drew the research attention to it and explained its vision regarding the relationship between architecture and fashion, the problem of research is determined by the "unclear relationship between architecture and fashion The aim of the research is to investigate the possibilities of similarities and differences between them to clarify the type of anology. In order to achieve the research objective, the research adopted a descriptive analytical approach for each of the two disciplines. The research was able to determine the extent of fashion for the two disciplines and identify the two ends with (type - innovation) and between them many values represented by different currents and trends in both fashion and architecture. Vocabulary has been applied in a practical study of a sample to reach the main findings and conclusions that showed that the similar was not a perfect match for the existence of the participants between them, most notably achieving fashion for the expressive body and formal differentiation within the societal context in the product of fashion and architecture, so that the The establishment of bodies reflecting the "fashion style" as a kind of fixed traditions versus the fashion reflects the "fashion trend of the epilepsy" as a kind of rapid changes and values of renewal in society, against the emergence of a fundamental difference between fashion and architecture was represented by the possibility of achieving the fashion architecture of the essence of architecture is the creation of architectural space Unless fashion was able to achieve in clothing and was closer to reflecting the identity of societies and ideas, while the architectural robe represented a space or space extending from the structure to the outer cladding, achieving different cases of architectural space (closed - open) to announce the extent of communication between the inside and outside reflecting the intellectual aspects prevailing in society through time and place

Teop – an Oceanic language with multifunctional verbs, nouns and adjectives

The corpus-based analysis of Teop word classes demonstrates that lexical multifunctionality is not incompatible with the grammatical distinction between verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs, because this distinction does not manifest itself in their syntactic functions of heads of phrases, but in the kinds of modifier the words can combine with. Consequently, the Teop word class system falsifies all word class typologies that assume that a formal differentiation of event, object and property words presupposes a distinctive distribution across the head positions of determiner-marked referential expressions and TAM-marked predicative expressions. In addition to the multifunctionality of verbs, nouns and adjectives, the Teop lexicon shows regular patterns of conversion. The paper concludes with an assessment of the results and the limitations of the corpus-based approach and suggests four topics for further research: (1) the development of elicitation methods to supplement corpus-based analyses; (2) a typology of formally distinguished phrase types; (3) regular patterns of conversion across languages; and (4) possessive comparative constructions.

Ortograficzne i ortoepiczne zróżnicowanie słowacko-serbskich aproksymatów międzyjęzykowych

Orthographic and orthoepic diversity of Serbo‑Slovak interlingual approximatesThe paper is a presentation of the results of a qualitative formal analysis of different types of Serbo-Slovak interlingual approximates (false friends, interlingual homonyms). In his earlier research on Serbo-Slovak approximation, the author of this paper defined the appropriate terminology and the meaning of the notions similar and identical in terms of quantitative analysis. The results of the study are based on lexical material containing 266 pairs of Serbo-Slovak approximates. They have been classified into four groups – interlingual homonyms, homophones, homographs and paronyms. We found that the differences between approximates are similar in their nature within the groups they were classified into. The existence of these types of differences is possible due to the presence of numerous spelling principles in the Slovak orthography – which features a combination of the phonetic, morphological, grammatical and etymological principles. In the Serbian language, the phonetic principle is the only one consistently present, and the morphological principle can be seen only in a few exceptions. Orthoepic differences are closely related to the orthographic ones. In addition, we can distinguish other kinds of differences which result from a different etymological development or are accidental. Comparing and understanding differences gives a comprehensive and clear view of the formal differentiation of Serbo-Slovak interlingual approximation. Ortograficzne i ortoepiczne zróżnicowanie słowacko‑serbskich aproksymatów międzyjęzykowychW niniejszym artykule zaprezentowane zostały wyniki analizy jakościowej pojedynczych rodzajów serbsko-słowackich aproksymatów międzyjęzykowych (wyrazów zdradliwych, homonimów międzyjęzykowych) pod względem ich formy. Autor w swoich wcześniejszych badaniach nad aproksymacją serbsko-słowacką zajął się zdefiniowaniem odpowiedniej terminologii i ustaleniem znaczenia pojęć podobny i identyczny za pomocą analizy ilościowej. Wyniki badań opierają się na materiale leksykalnym liczącym 266 par serbsko-słowackich aproksymatów. Zaklasyfikowano je do czterech grup – homonimy, homofony, homografy oraz paronimy międzyjęzykowe. Okazało się, że różnice między aproksymatami mają podobny charakter w zależności od tego, do której z grup aproksymaty zostały zaklasyfikowane. Pojawienie się tych różnic wynika z istnienia kilku zasad ortograficznych w pisowni języka słowackiego – połączenie zasady fonetycznej, morfologicznej, gramatycznej oraz etymologicznej, podczas gdy w języku serbskim obecna jest tylko zasada fonetyczna, morfologiczną można zauważyć w kilku wyjątkach. Różnice ortoepiczne są ściśle powiązane z ortograficznymi. Oprócz tego wskazać można takie różnice, które wynikają z odmiennego rozwoju etymologicznego lub są przypadkowe. Porównanie i poznanie różnic daje możliwość pełniejszego spojrzenia na formalne zróżnicowanie serbsko-słowackich aproksymatów międzyjęzykowych.

Reflexive permissives and the middle voice

The article deals with the ‘permissive middle’, a permissive construction characterized by the coincidence of the permittor and the embedded clause patient (as in They allowed themselves to be cheated) and belonging to the middle voice in the sense that its formal markers, though originating as reflexive pronouns, have lost their original reflexive function. Such permissive middles can be clearly set apart from permissive reflexives in those languages which have a formal differentiation of reflexive pronouns proper and originally reflexive markers that have shifted to middle or mediopassive function. The data of the Baltic languages are used in the article to illustrate the formal properties of permissive middles (a characteristic feature is the oscillation between reflexive marking on the matrix verb and on the embedded verb) and the tendencies in their development. Permissive middles are also shown to be attested outside Baltic, e.g. in East Slavonic. The second part of the article is devoted to a discussion of the place of the permissive middle on the semantic map of the middle voice, and in particular to its relationship to the ‘curative’ middle (the ‘causative-reflexive’).