Bach to Batch

<p>Ōtaki Beach is an example of a small town by the sea romanticised by many New Zealanders, yet it suffers for not being able to grow without resorting to greenfield development and subdivision. Its coarse urban grain and wide roads prioritise cars and promote a sprawl of low-density, impermeable suburban blocks. Still, the old houses have their charm. This thesis explores how we can grow the population of Ōtaki Beach without resorting to further greenfield development. Early design experiments centred on large multi-residential structures sited in surrounding landscapes. The final proposal though, developed in the context of adaptive reuse, focuses on exploring the potential of a single block that serves as an example. The design experiments led to three main strategies. Firstly, unification of existing outdoor spaces generates shared landscape. Secondly, transverse pathways add permeability and refine block grain. Thirdly, selective preservation, unification and vertical stacking of existing structures constitute the formal strategy that increases density without consuming more land and gives rise to a specific architectural expression. Final design achieves: 4-fold increase in density, taking it from 63 people/km² to over 252 people/km²; refined block grain and permeability, by growing the number of public pathways from zero to three; over 3000m² of shared landscape.</p>

Bach to Batch

<p>Ōtaki Beach is an example of a small town by the sea romanticised by many New Zealanders, yet it suffers for not being able to grow without resorting to greenfield development and subdivision. Its coarse urban grain and wide roads prioritise cars and promote a sprawl of low-density, impermeable suburban blocks. Still, the old houses have their charm. This thesis explores how we can grow the population of Ōtaki Beach without resorting to further greenfield development. Early design experiments centred on large multi-residential structures sited in surrounding landscapes. The final proposal though, developed in the context of adaptive reuse, focuses on exploring the potential of a single block that serves as an example. The design experiments led to three main strategies. Firstly, unification of existing outdoor spaces generates shared landscape. Secondly, transverse pathways add permeability and refine block grain. Thirdly, selective preservation, unification and vertical stacking of existing structures constitute the formal strategy that increases density without consuming more land and gives rise to a specific architectural expression. Final design achieves: 4-fold increase in density, taking it from 63 people/km² to over 252 people/km²; refined block grain and permeability, by growing the number of public pathways from zero to three; over 3000m² of shared landscape.</p>

The Last Resort: Building Big Architecture in Big Landscapes

<p>Accommodating large groups of people typically requires large architecture. However, in precious landscapes, such as National Parks, large architectural interventions are often opposed on the grounds of an aesthetic cost to the landscape. Most of the building activity that has attracted this opposition detracts from the natural environment by both dominating the landscape and being indifferent to it. In attempts to mitigate aesthetic damage, other buildings are composed in such a way that is ‘sympathetic’ with the landscape. Employing strategies of fragmentation, dispersion, miniaturization, and camouflage, the ideal of these approaches is an invisible building. But because no building is invisible, this is an unproductive direction for the discipline. The high-end resort typology would require a relatively large footprint and would suffer the same critique as the approaches noted above. What strategies do architects need to take to develop large buildings in the landscape that are neither invisible nor an aesthetic expense? And, in the pursuit of large architectural interventions, how can these operations enhance the qualities of the landscape, such that the landscape is made more intelligible, more spectacular, more powerful or more dramatic? Forming the first section of this thesis, a proposed high-end resort development at Waikaremoana critically explores formal solutions that enhance the Urewera landscape. Employing a research through design methodology, a critical analysis of both problematic and exemplary precedents has unearthed a range of formal strategies that enhance and detract from the landscape respectively. A ‘before and after’ comparison technique has been employed throughout this analysis - and the design process - to determine whether the interventions strengthen or weaken the landscape. In response to the densely forested site, the scheme employs cutting as a general formal gesture - generating both an ecological and cultural cross section through the site, while providing pedestrian access from road to lake. Developed through an intuitive design process, the scheme has tested the architectural possibilities of occupying a cut and how such an intervention may enhance the dramatic qualities of the landscape. Highlighting the intellectual implications of the issues raised throughout the design process, a written argument forms the second section of this thesis. This proposition looks to the cutting formal traditions of land-art, particularly of the 1960s-70s, for insight into architectural forms that enhance the landscape. Reading the cut as “not landscape” and “not architecture,” Rosalind Krauss’s (1979) “Sculpture in the Expanded Field” provides a starting platform for this inquiry. Several overlooked cutting interventions within Te Urewera build on this knowledge, rethinking various aspects of the cut and how it can operate to enhance the landscape. Providing connectivity, security and a place for confrontation, a cutting formal strategy offers opportunities to enhance both architecture and the landscape.</p>

The Last Resort: Building Big Architecture in Big Landscapes

<p>Accommodating large groups of people typically requires large architecture. However, in precious landscapes, such as National Parks, large architectural interventions are often opposed on the grounds of an aesthetic cost to the landscape. Most of the building activity that has attracted this opposition detracts from the natural environment by both dominating the landscape and being indifferent to it. In attempts to mitigate aesthetic damage, other buildings are composed in such a way that is ‘sympathetic’ with the landscape. Employing strategies of fragmentation, dispersion, miniaturization, and camouflage, the ideal of these approaches is an invisible building. But because no building is invisible, this is an unproductive direction for the discipline. The high-end resort typology would require a relatively large footprint and would suffer the same critique as the approaches noted above. What strategies do architects need to take to develop large buildings in the landscape that are neither invisible nor an aesthetic expense? And, in the pursuit of large architectural interventions, how can these operations enhance the qualities of the landscape, such that the landscape is made more intelligible, more spectacular, more powerful or more dramatic? Forming the first section of this thesis, a proposed high-end resort development at Waikaremoana critically explores formal solutions that enhance the Urewera landscape. Employing a research through design methodology, a critical analysis of both problematic and exemplary precedents has unearthed a range of formal strategies that enhance and detract from the landscape respectively. A ‘before and after’ comparison technique has been employed throughout this analysis - and the design process - to determine whether the interventions strengthen or weaken the landscape. In response to the densely forested site, the scheme employs cutting as a general formal gesture - generating both an ecological and cultural cross section through the site, while providing pedestrian access from road to lake. Developed through an intuitive design process, the scheme has tested the architectural possibilities of occupying a cut and how such an intervention may enhance the dramatic qualities of the landscape. Highlighting the intellectual implications of the issues raised throughout the design process, a written argument forms the second section of this thesis. This proposition looks to the cutting formal traditions of land-art, particularly of the 1960s-70s, for insight into architectural forms that enhance the landscape. Reading the cut as “not landscape” and “not architecture,” Rosalind Krauss’s (1979) “Sculpture in the Expanded Field” provides a starting platform for this inquiry. Several overlooked cutting interventions within Te Urewera build on this knowledge, rethinking various aspects of the cut and how it can operate to enhance the landscape. Providing connectivity, security and a place for confrontation, a cutting formal strategy offers opportunities to enhance both architecture and the landscape.</p>

The Role of Kiai Hisyam Zuhdi in Developing Islamic Boarding Schools on The Character of Santri

Principal's strategy is the art and knowledge gained by a principal in formulating, implementing, evaluating cross-functional decisions that facilitate the organization in achieving goals. Teachers are the key to the success of an educational institution. Good and bad behavior or teaching procedures for teachers will greatly affect the image of educational institutions. This study aims to examine and discuss in-depth the principal's strategy in developing teacher competence at MA Tarbiyatul Islam Gending Probolinggo. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques with interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that: (1) The model that can be used to improve the competence of teachers in carrying out their duties is through In-service education or In-service training programs. (2) The strategic steps of the principal's leadership in developing teacher competence to improve the quality of education are the first formal strategy, namely the teacher is assigned by the institution to attend education and training, the second non-formal strategy, namely the teacher on his own desire and effort to train and develop himself related to work or position.

Improving The Quality of Education Through The Principal's Strategy to Develop Teacher Competence

Principal's strategy is the art and knowledge gained by a principal in formulating, implementing, evaluating cross-functional decisions that facilitate the organization in achieving goals. Teachers are the key to the success of an educational institution. Good and bad behavior or teaching procedures for teachers will greatly affect the image of educational institutions. This study aims to examine and discuss in-depth the principal's strategy in developing teacher competence at MA Tarbiyatul Islam Gending Probolinggo. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques with interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that: (1) The model that can be used to improve the competence of teachers in carrying out their duties is through In-service education or In-service training programs. (2) The strategic steps of the principal's leadership in developing teacher competence to improve the quality of education are the first formal strategy, namely the teacher is assigned by the institution to attend education and training, the second non-formal strategy, namely the teacher on his own desire and effort to train and develop himself related to work or position.

STRATEGI PEWARISAN SENI PERTUNJUKAN DRAMA GONG KEPADA GENERASI PENERUS

<p class="abstrak">This article aims to discuss the inheritance of the performing arts of drama gong to the next generation. As a form of qualitative research, data collection was carried out through analysis of four selected drama gong stories, namely (1) Suluh Ikang Praba; (2) Gesing Reed Beads; (3) Nila Warsiki; and (4) Jayaprana produced in 2019 – 2021. Research data were also collected through observation, document studies, and interviews with several informants who understand the performing arts of gong drama in Bali. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by applying the theory of semiotics and Bourdeau's social practice. The results of the study indicate that the inheritance of drama gongs is very urgent: (a) to preserve drama gongs; (b) regeneration of young Balinese as supporters of the drama gong; (c) drama gongs are part of Balinese cultural identity, and (d) drama gong as a medium for educating Balinese language and culture. The inheritance of the performing arts of drama gong is carried out through a formal strategy, namely through formal education from kindergarten (PAUD) to college in part by the State Hindu University I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa Denpasar, and an informal strategy, namely the role of families and art-culture studios in socializing, enculturating values. cultural values in the art of performing the drama gong to the younger generation of Bali.</p>

Schubert’s Experiments with Processual Form

This article assesses, from a process-oriented analytical perspective, the role of formal reinterpretation in Schubert’s music. The article builds on the work of Janet Schmalfeldt (in turn inspired by the analytical and philosophical processual approaches to form of Theodor W. Adorno and Carl Dahlhaus). It also draws on the form-functional approach of William Caplin, and the dialogical formal perspective of James Hepokoski and Warren Darcy. The article’s first part considers some typical structural features of form-functional transformations and presents a threefold categorization of them: intrathematic (e.g., continuation ? cadential), interthematic (e.g., introduction ? P-theme), and multilevel transformations (e.g., transition ? contrasting middle). In addition to providing examples drawn from Schubert’s works for piano that illustrate these three types of form-functional transformations (D. 899 no. 3, D. 566/I), the second part of the article discusses instances of theme-type (D. 784/I) and exposition-space-and-type (D. 935/I) transformations and form-functional intertextuality (D. 958/I) between Schubert’s and Beethoven’s works. The article concludes with a detailed consideration of the Piano Sonata in B-flat, D.960/I, addressing aspects of large-scale formal implications related to a particular formal strategy in Schubert’s ternary P-themes: the “double-conversion effect,” a process of form-functional transformation that features the reinterpretation of formal functions not once but twice in a self-contained formal zone.

The ‘Dual Circulation’ development model of China: Background and insights

Purpose Global supply chains experienced unprecedented changes in 2020 and the relationship between domestic and global markets needed adjustments considering the long-term impacts of the changes that are unfolding around these markets. China has become the first country to announce a formal strategy – “Dual Circulation” Strategy (DCS) – to guide its self-reliant economic development in the post-COVID era. However, what exactly is the DCS and what drove China to publicize this strategy is not yet clear. This study aims to answer these questions. Design/methodology/approach Based on an extensive review of literature and media reports, a background has been constructed that justifies the DCS as a long-overdue historic necessity. Findings A novel definition of “Dual Circulation” is introduced. A novel construct to visualize the domestic circulation in light of international and domestic markets and international circulation has been presented. The study argues that maintaining optimum levels of consumption and saving rates is crucial to the DCS’s success. Originality/value The study pioneers the first scientific definition of the “Dual Circulation” that will pave way for future debate on the topic. Also, it is the first time an academic study on the DCS has been executed.

Outsourcing of Human Resources: The Case of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises

The outsourcing of human resources has increased in recent years. As in other fields of management research, limited knowledge is available on outsourcing in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The aim of this paper is to present a study on the outsourcing of human resources in Icelandic service SMEs in the period 2009–2018. Surveys were used to gather information on outsourcing, with the participation of 802 firms. The results show that three out of four firms have outsourced some activities, while only 21% have formulated a formal strategy for outsourcing. The main motives for outsourcing are accessing expertise and simplifying operations. Cost reduction comes in third place. SMEs tend to outsource human resources on a very limited scale, while 50% of firms outsource information technology and 39% outsource security services. Larger firms outsource human resources on a larger scale than smaller firms. Managers in companies that outsource human resources are more satisfied with many aspects of outsourcing compared to those managers who do not outsource those resources. Firms that outsource human resources also realise more actual cost reduction. Outsourcing in SMEs has little impact on employment, as 3% of firms lay off staff and 6% transfer staff to vendors. Larger firms and firms that outsource human resources are more likely to change their staff’s employment status after outsourcing.