scholarly journals Bach to Batch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tomek Piątek
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Formal Strategy ◽  
Single Block ◽  
Selective Preservation ◽  
Design Experiments

<p>Ōtaki Beach is an example of a small town by the sea romanticised by many New Zealanders, yet it suffers for not being able to grow without resorting to greenfield development and subdivision. Its coarse urban grain and wide roads prioritise cars and promote a sprawl of low-density, impermeable suburban blocks. Still, the old houses have their charm.  This thesis explores how we can grow the population of Ōtaki Beach without resorting to further greenfield development. Early design experiments centred on large multi-residential structures sited in surrounding landscapes. The final proposal though, developed in the context of adaptive reuse, focuses on exploring the potential of a single block that serves as an example.  The design experiments led to three main strategies. Firstly, unification of existing outdoor spaces generates shared landscape. Secondly, transverse pathways add permeability and refine block grain. Thirdly, selective preservation, unification and vertical stacking of existing structures constitute the formal strategy that increases density without consuming more land and gives rise to a specific architectural expression.  Final design achieves: 4-fold increase in density, taking it from 63 people/km² to over 252 people/km²; refined block grain and permeability, by growing the number of public pathways from zero to three; over 3000m² of shared landscape.</p>

scholarly journals Bach to Batch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Tomek Piątek
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Formal Strategy ◽  
Single Block ◽  
Selective Preservation ◽  
Design Experiments

<p>Ōtaki Beach is an example of a small town by the sea romanticised by many New Zealanders, yet it suffers for not being able to grow without resorting to greenfield development and subdivision. Its coarse urban grain and wide roads prioritise cars and promote a sprawl of low-density, impermeable suburban blocks. Still, the old houses have their charm.  This thesis explores how we can grow the population of Ōtaki Beach without resorting to further greenfield development. Early design experiments centred on large multi-residential structures sited in surrounding landscapes. The final proposal though, developed in the context of adaptive reuse, focuses on exploring the potential of a single block that serves as an example.  The design experiments led to three main strategies. Firstly, unification of existing outdoor spaces generates shared landscape. Secondly, transverse pathways add permeability and refine block grain. Thirdly, selective preservation, unification and vertical stacking of existing structures constitute the formal strategy that increases density without consuming more land and gives rise to a specific architectural expression.  Final design achieves: 4-fold increase in density, taking it from 63 people/km² to over 252 people/km²; refined block grain and permeability, by growing the number of public pathways from zero to three; over 3000m² of shared landscape.</p>

Bringing Ergonomics to the Design of a Behavioural Care Unit

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Jacqueline B. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
User Needs ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Final Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The application of ergonomics is important when considering the built environment. In order to create an environment where form follows function, a detailed understanding of the tasks performed by the individuals who will live and work in the facility is required. Early involvement in the project is key to maximizing the benefit of ergonomics. At Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Canada, this early intervention was embraced during the design process of a behavioural care unit for aggressive patients. The ergonomist was involved in three phases of design; user needs analysis, block schematics and detailed design. The user needs and characteristics were established using a combination of focus groups, interviews, direct observation, task analysis and critique of current working environments. The challenge was to present the information to the design team in a useful manner. The format chosen was a modification of Userfit (Poulson 1996) that outlined the various characteristics of the patient group and the design consequences with “what does this mean for me” statements. During the block schematics phase an iterative design process was used to ensure that the ergonomic principles and the user needs were incorporated into the design. Ergonomic input was used in determining the room sizes and layout and to ensure work processes were considered. Simple mock-ups and anthropometric data assisted in illustrating the need for design changes. Examples that highlight the areas of greatest impact of ergonomic intervention include the patient bathrooms, showers and tub room. Significant changes were made to the design to improve the safety of the work and living space of the end users. One of the greatest challenges was having an appreciation for the individual goals of the team members. Ensuring there was adequate space for equipment and staff often resulted in recommendations for increased space. This in turn would increase the cost of the project. The architect and, later in the project, the engineer had goals of bringing the project in on budget. The final design was very much a team effort and truly die result of an iterative process. The sum of the individual contributions could not match the combined efforts. It was only through the ergonomic contributions in this early design phase that the needs of the staff, patients and families could be so well represented. The success of the iterative process provides the foundation for bringing ergonomics considerations into the early design stages of future projects.

Fibre production in angora rabbits

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
J. C. McKay
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fibre Production ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Low Density ◽  
World Production ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Sheep Wool

Angora rabbits carry a mutation.which confers continuous wool growth. The use of the wool in textiles was first recorded in 1706 in the U.K. and western Europe dominated world production until the the early 20th century. China now produces 60 percent of the world's 4,000 tonne annual crop.Genetic and nutritional improvements have led to a five-fold increase in annual yields over the last 40 years. Current commercial strains produce up to 1.5 Kg of wool per year from rabbits weighing 4 Kg. To maintain such yields requires concentrate diets with protein contents of at least 16 percent and cystine+methionine contents of 0.8 percent.The wool may be sheared or plucked and consists of three fibre types. The wool hairs (80 percent of the fleece) are among the finest animal fibres at 8-12 microns. They have a hollow medulla which gives important properties of low density (1.23 grams per ml versus 1.3 for sheep wool) and high thermal insulation (2-3 times that of sheep wool).

Intrinsic Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma to Doxorubicin Is Mediated by Soluble Factors

Blood ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 5106-5106
Author(s):  
Daniel Sullivan ◽  
Jana L. Dawson ◽  
Elizabeth J. Ciaravino ◽  
Joel G. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Porous Membrane ◽  
High Density ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Soluble Factors

Abstract Drug resistance continues to be a major obstacle in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Data have shown that the bone marrow microenvironment plays an important role in drug resistance. Whether it is mediated through the physical interaction of stromal and tumor cells or by soluble factors, this communication is essential for survival by both normal and tumor cells. In the current study we use a transwell system to allow passage of soluble factors from high density (drug resistant) to low density (drug sensitive) human myeloma 8226 cells. In our model, 8226 cells translocate topoisomerase IIa (topo IIa) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm when at high density (3 × 106 cells/ml) for 16 hours, rendering the cells 38-fold resistant to doxorubicin (DOX), a topo II poison, relative to low density cells (see column 1 in graph A & B below). When low density (2 × 105 cells/ml) cells are separated from the high density cells by a 3.0 micron porous membrane for 16 hrs, we observed a 14-fold increase in resistance in the sensitive cells after a 1 hr exposure to DOX as compared to cells exposed to low density cells (see column 1 in graph C & D). Moreover, this increased resistance was less pronounced (2.5 fold) with topotecan (TPT), a topo I inhibitor, and no effect was seen when cis-platinum (CIS PLAT), a non-topo drug, was used in this system (see columns 2 & 3 in graph C & D), suggesting that topo IIa may be the specific target. This mechanism also appears to be time-driven, as the resistance increases over time in the sensitive cells during the course of the 16 hr exposure. In addition, drug resistance to DOX was observed when the sensitive cells were exposed to only “conditioned” media, but no effect was seen when exposed to high density cells in fresh media, suggesting that soluble factors are released from drug resistant cells into the microenvironment causing drug sensitive cells to acquire an increased ability to evade programmed cell death. Figure Figure

scholarly journals Acute effects of ethanol on the perfused rat liver. Studies on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, substrate cycling and perfusate amino acids

1979 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Topping ◽  
Dallas G. Clark ◽  
Gerald B. Storer ◽  
Rodney P. Trimble ◽  
Richard J. Illman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Ethanol Infusion ◽  
Glucose Output

1. Livers from fed rats were perfused in situ with whole rat blood containing glucose labelled uniformly with 14C and specifically with 3H at positions 2, 3 or 6. 2. When ethanol was infused at a concentration of 24μmol/ml of blood the rate of utilization was 2.8μmol/min per g of liver. 3. Ethanol infusion raised perfusate glucose concentrations and caused a 2.5-fold increase in hepatic glucose output. 4. Final blood lactate concentrations were decreased in ethanol-infused livers, but the mean uptake of lactate from erythrocyte glycolysis was unaffected. 5. Production of ketone bodies (3‐hydroxybutyrate+3‐oxobutyrate) and the ratio [3‐hydroxybutyrate]/[3‐oxobutyrate] were raised by ethanol. 6. Formation of 3H2O from specifically 3H-labelled glucoses increased in the order [6-3H]<[3-3H]<[2-3H]. Production of 3H2O from [2-3H]glucose was significantly greater than that from [3-3H]glucose in both control and ethanol-infused livers. Ethanol significantly decreased 3H2O formation from all [3H]glucoses. 7. Liver glycogen content was unaffected by ethanol infusion. 8. Production of very-low-density lipoprotein triacylglycerols was inhibited by ethanol and there was a small increase in liver triacylglycerols. Very-low-density-lipoprotein secretion was negatively correlated with the ratio [3‐hydroxybutyrate]/[3‐oxobutyrate]. Perfusate fatty acid concentrations and molar composition were unaffected by perfusion with ethanol. 9. Ethanol decreased the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into fatty acids and cholesterol. 10. The concentration of total plasma amino acids was unchanged by ethanol, but the concentrations of alanine and glycine were decreased and ([glutamate]+[glutamine]) was raised. 11. It is proposed that the observed effects of ethanol on carbohydrate metabolism are due to an increased conversion of lactate into glucose, possibly by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The increase in gluconeogenesis is accompanied by diminished substrate cycling at glucose–glucose 6-phosphate and at fructose 6-phosphate–fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

scholarly journals You, me, and that god damn lighthouse over there!

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Bligh Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Physical Modelling ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Iterative Design ◽  
Mass Tourism ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Digital Modelling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Design Experiments

<p>The ‘gaze’ has been traditionally established as the primary way tourists consume space. However, recent research proposes ‘the performance’ as an alternative mode of touring that doesn’t centre around just the visual, and looks to design for tourists to ‘perform; opposed to simply ‘gaze’. This thesis examines the relationship between tourists and existing tourism objects, focussing on the lighthouses of New Zealand as an architecture that has the potential for repurposing or developing for consumption as tourism. A ‘design through research’ methodology has been employed using ‘camp’ as a lens of exploration. Iterative design experiments that involve, physical modelling, drawing, collage, photography and digital modelling explore different conceptual opportunities for the lighthouse and with ultimate goal of creating a stage for tourists to perform upon. Developed through three distinct design phases, the first, looks at the lighthouse and transforms it into a theme park, adopting humour and a satirical approach to comment on mass-tourism and kitsch consumption, treating the lighthouse as a collective of activities that makes a single experience. The second takes an intimate approach to what makes a lighthouse. Here the camp lens is removed and the light is analysed through photographic strategies and model making. This seeks to find a real ‘authenticity’ to contribute to the final design phase, exploring ‘camp’ by its absence. The final phase, is ‘the stage complete’, an architecture that encloses the lighthouse, re-adapting camp design methods to explain that story and attract tourists with its camp aesthetics.</p>

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein A-I stimulates secretion of insulin and matrix metalloproteinases by islets of Langerhans

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.F. Usynin ◽  
O.N. Poteryaeva ◽  
G.S. Russkikh ◽  
A.V. Zubova ◽  
K.Yu. Boiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Islets Of Langerhans ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Apo B ◽  
Apolipoprotein A

The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is accompanied by disturbances in lipid metabolism. These include the increase in serum levels of atherogenic fractions of very low-density (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL), total cholesterol, triglycerides and apo B. In contrast, the level of antiatherogenic high density lipoproteins (HDL) and the content of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) decreased. To study the effect of the observed metabolic changes on insulin secretion in vitro, we used the islets of Langerhans isolated from the rat pancreas. It has been found that incubation of the islets in the presence of serum of the obese patients and patients with decompensated DM2 leads to a decrease in insulin secretion by 2.4 and 5.0 times, respectively. On the contrary, the addition of HDL to the incubation medium increased the insulin secretion by 3.4 times. A similar effect was observed in the presence of apoA-I, the main protein component of HDL. In the presence of apoA-I, the extracellular activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) demonstrated a 10-fold increase. The addition of LDL and VLDL to the islets did not change the secretion of insulin and activity of MMP. Our results testify to the important role of HDL and apoA-I in regulation of the insulin secretion by b-cells and the activity of MMPs in the islets of Langerhans.

Empirical Studies of Functional Decomposition in Early Design

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joran W. Booth ◽  
Abhinav K. Bhasin ◽  
Tahira N. Reid ◽  
Karthik Ramani
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flow ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Team Communication ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Functional Decomposition ◽  
Early Design ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Function Diagram

This paper explores functional decomposition in early design. In the first part of this study, we explore how the three most common methods (top-down, energy-flow, enumeration) affect concept generation for novice design teams (n=25). We found that nearly all the features in the final concept could be mapped to the function diagram, though not all the functions mapped to the actual concept. This suggests that there is not much change in system functionality between these two phases, despite being separated by a few weeks. We also found that teams who used top-down and energy-flow performed nearly the same, and teams who used enumeration performed worse than those who used energy-flow. Based on these results, we recommend using either top-down or energy-flow, but not enumeration in early design. We also observed that teams used the diagramming process to reach a consensus and support team communication. The second part of this study evaluates design reports (n=78) from industry engineers taking a distance learning design course. Even though roughly half of the reports used functional decomposition, there was no correlation between using functional decomposition and final design quality as measured by various grade components. We also observed that half of the function diagrams were tree diagrams. This supports prior findings that a top-down, tree-based approach is more intuitive for engineers. Together, these results suggest that functional decomposition is helpful for team communication, but show no direct correlation with design outcome. We also recommend training strategies for teaching decomposition based on differences between the two datasets.

Strong Increase of 9-Hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic Acid in Low Density Lipoprotein after a Hemorrhagic Shock

1998 ◽  
Vol 53 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 876-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kreil ◽  
G. Spiteller ◽  
G. Johannes ◽  
W. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Octadecadienoic Acid ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Marker Compound ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Marker Compounds

9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid (9-HODE) is generated by lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes in comparison to other marker compounds in at least 10 fold amount. A 10-25 fold increase of this new marker compound in relation to age matched healthy individuals was observed in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of ten patients suffering from a hemorrhagic shock. The 9-HODE values dropped to normal levels after recovery. Similarily the 9-HODE content in LDL of patients which had to undergo orthopedic surgery - replacement of their arthritic hip joints by endoprosthesis - were investigated. The rather high HODE values dropped also after recovery reflecting obviously the disappearance of inflammatory processes associated with arthritis.

Abstract P250: Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor Agonist And Very Low-density Lipoprotein Regulate Aldosterone Production Via Lipin-1 In Human Adrenocortical Cells

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinjini Chowdhury ◽  
Vivek Choudhary ◽  
Mrunal Choudhary ◽  
Xunsheng Chen ◽  
Wendy B Bollag
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Lipid Signal ◽  
Aldosterone Production ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Lipin 1

Aldosterone is considered to be a link between hypertension and obesity; obese individuals have high serum levels of both sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). S1P has been reported to be a novel stimulator of aldosterone secretion and phospholipase D (PLD) activity. VLDL has also been shown to stimulate aldosterone production in multiple zona glomerulosa cell models via PLD. PLD is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) which can then be converted to diacylglycerol (DAG) by lipin-1. However, it is unclear which of the two lipid signals, PA or DAG, underlies PLD’s mediation of aldosterone production. We hypothesized that the S1P1 receptor (S1PR1) agonist, SEW2871, (and VLDL) induces steroidogenesis and therefore aldosterone production via lipin-1-mediated metabolism of PA to DAG, with our hypothesis focusing on DAG as the key lipid signal produced by PLD (indirectly). In HAC15 cells, lipin-1 was overexpressed using an adenovirus or inhibited using propranolol followed by treatment with or without SEW2871 (or VLDL) for 24 h. Steroidogenic gene expression and aldosterone levels were monitored by qRT-PCR and radioimmunoassay, respectively. We demonstrated that lipin-1 overexpression (OE) enhanced the SEW2871-stimulated 109-fold increase in CYP11B2 expression by 26% while lipin-1 inhibition decreased the SEW2871-stimulated 56-fold increase in CYP11B2 expression by 74%. While lipin-1 OE had no further effect, propranolol reduced SEW2871-stimulated increases in NR4A1 (2-fold) and NR4A2 (9-fold) mRNA levels by 22% and 52% respectively. The SEW2871-stimulated increase in aldosterone production was inhibited by propranolol (53%), although it was not enhanced by lipin-1 OE. Similar results were obtained with VLDL. Our results are, therefore, suggestive of DAG being the key lipid signal since regulating lipin-1 affects S1PR1 agonist- and VLDL-stimulated steroidogenic gene expression and ultimately, aldosterone production. Our study warrants further investigation into these steroidogenic signaling pathways which can lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets such as lipin-1, or its downstream pathways, to potentially treat obesity-associated hypertension.

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