Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of a methanolic extract of Debregeasia salicifolia in Alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice

Diabetes mellitus (DM), an endocrine syndrome characterized by high blood glucose levels due to abrogated insulin activity. The existing treatments for DM have side effects and varying degrees of efficacy. Therefore, it is paramount that novel approaches be developed to enhance the management of DM. Therapeutic plants have been accredited as having comparatively high efficacy with fewer adverse effects. The current study aims to elucidate the phytochemical profile, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-diabetic effects of methanolic extract D. salicifolia (leaves) in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Alloxan was injected intraperitoneally (150 mg kg-1, b.w), to induced diabetes in mice. The mice were divided into three groups (n=10). Group 1 (normal control) received normal food and purified water, Group II (diabetic control) received regular feed and clean water and group III (diabetic treated) received a methanolic extract of the plant (300 mg kg-1) for 28 days with a typical diet and clean water throughout the experiment. Blood samples were collected to checked serum glucose and concentration of LDL, TC, TG. The extract demonstrated significant antihyperglycemic activity (P<0.05), whereas improvements in mice's body weight and lipid profiles were observed after treatment with the extract. This study establishes that the extract has high efficacy with comparatively less toxicity that can be used for DM management.

Evaluation of Nutrient, Mineral Analysis and Quality Characterization of Gymnema sylvestre Multi Grain Cookies for Diabetes

Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders with various etiologies that are defined by persistent hyperglycemia and worsening carbohydrate, lipid, and protein digestion due to flaws in insulin discharge and insulin activity. Indians account for one out of every five diabetics of the world. Around 35 million Indians suffer from diabetes, which affects around 150 million individuals worldwide. Because health is a major concern in people’s daily lives, foods that are healthy and beneficial to health are becoming increasingly popular. Natural food variations are widely used for the prevention and treatment of a variety of healthy issues. Supplements such as protein, iron, and calcium can be found in plenty of treats. The goal of this study was to develop solid treats using Gymnema sylvestre leaf powder, an Ayurvedic component with increased nutraceutical value. Multigrain powder, heating powder, palm sugar, cardamom powder, Margarine, salt, bubbling blend, and G.sylvestre leaf powder were among the ingredients used to make the solid snacks. The powder was created by drying the leaves in a plate dryer at 50°C for 2 hours before crushing in a home processor. G.sylvestre leaf powder was fused at different percentages: 0.25 percent, 0.50 percent, 0.75 percent, and 1.00 percent. Supplement testing, mineral analysis, and tactile testing are not set in stone. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy was used to determine mineral composition. Over a variety of examples, test 0.50 percent sound snacks were found to be organoleptically superior.

Insulin smart drug delivery nanoparticles of aminophenylboronic acid–POSS molecule at neutral pH

Self-regulated “smart” insulin administration system that mimic pancreatic endocrine function would be highly desirable for diabetes management. Here, a glucose-responsive continuous insulin delivery system is developed, where novel polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (POSS) modified with 3‐aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) were used to encapsulate insulin (insulin entrapment efficiency: 73.2%) to prepare a fast response, high stability, good distribution, and excellent biocompatible system. Due to the strong hydrophobicity of POSS, the POSS moiety is located at the core in aqueous solution and combines with the boronic group of APBA and the diol generated in PEG-insulin to form a nanomicelle structure, that is, nanoparticles naturally. Micelles self‐assembled from these molecules possess glucose‐responsiveness at varying glucose concentrations. The interaction of the PBA and diol containing insulin via boronate ester bond and its interchange with glucose was investigated by FT-IR, 1H NMR and XPS. Furthermore, the successful glucose-triggered release of insulin from the POSS-APBA micelles was investigated at neutral pH. A linear graph was plotted with the measured released insulin vs glucose concentrations, with a linear correlation coefficient (R2) value close to 1. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analysis was performed to measure insulin activity by comparing secondary structures of insulin, PEG-Insulin, and POSS-APBA@insulin. When confirming intracellular apoptosis signaling, cleaved caspase 3 and caspase 9 were not increased by 640 μg/ml POSS-APBA and POSS-APBA@insulin in HeLa, HDF and HUVE cells. Application in the biomedical field for controlled delivery of insulin appear to be promising.

UJI TOKSISITAS AKUT EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KAYU MANIS (Cinnamomum burmanii) PADA FUNGSI HATI TIKUS PUTIH (Mus musculus L.) BETINA

Cinnamon leaves (Cinnamomum burmanii) are plants that have many pharmacological effects including lowering blood sugar levels, inhibition of bacterial growth, antioxidants and mymetic insulin activity. However, acute toxicity testing has not been carried out on cinnamon leaves before. This study aims to determine the level of toxicity and effect of extract administration on SGOT, SGPT as well as changes in the histopathological form of the liver of test animals. This study used The Complete Randomized Design method with 5 treatment groups with na-CMC administration 0.5% as a negative control, P1 dose 250 mg/kgBB, P2 Dose 500 mg/kgBB, P3 dose 1000 mg/kgBB and P4 at a dose of 2000 mg/kgBB. Each treatment consists of 5 mice. The parameters observed in this study are SGPT, SGOT and histopathological examination of mice liver organs. The data was analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test with duncan's advanced test. The results showed that the administration of cinnamon leaf ethanol extract did not cause death in test animals so it was practically not toxic. SGPT and SGOT values in female white mice test animals showed statistically meaningful differences in SGPT and SGOT values (p<0.05) compared to negative controls. However, it is still in the normal range. The result of histopathological observations is that there is a change in hepatocytes of liver organs compared to negative control.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Ameliorates Diabetic Arterial Stiffening via AMPK Pathway

Background and Purpose: Macrovascular complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by increased aortic stiffness, is a major cause leading to many adverse clinical outcomes. It has been reported that ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) can improve glucose tolerance, enhance insulin activity, and restore the impaired endothelial functions in animal models. The aim of this study was to explore whether Rb1 could alleviate the pathophysiological process of arterial stiffening in diabetes and its potential mechanisms.Experimental Approach: Diabetes was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by administration of streptozotocin. These mice were randomly selected for treatment with Rb1 (10−60 mg/kg, i. p.) once daily for 8 weeks. Aortic stiffness was assessed using ultrasound and measurement of blood pressure and relaxant responses in the aortic rings. Mechanisms of Rb1 treatment were studied in MOVAS-1 VSMCs cultured in a high-glucose medium.Key Results: Rb1 improved DM-induced arterial stiffening and the impaired aortic compliance and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Rb1 ameliorated DM-induced aortic remodeling characterized by collagen deposition and elastic fibers disorder. MMP2, MMP9, and TGFβ1/Smad2/3 pathways were involved in this process. In addition, Rb1-mediated improvement of arterial stiffness was partly achieved via inhibiting oxidative stress in DM mice, involving regulating NADPH oxidase. Finally, Rb1 could blunt the inhibition effects of DM on AMPK phosphorylation.Conclusion and Implications: Rb1 may represent a novel prevention strategy to alleviate collagen deposition and degradation to prevent diabetic macroangiopathy and diabetes-related complications.

Overview on Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of diverse illnesses that often show hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance via insulin shortage, insulin impairment or both (Sicree et al., 2006). These difficulties occur due to disruptions in regulation systems controlling the storage and movement of metabolic fuels, including carbohydrate, lipid and protein catabolism and anabolism, induced by poor insulin production, insulin activity or both (Shillitoe, 1988; Votey and Peters, 2004). With more than 62 million diabetics already diagnosed in India, the situation of a potential pandemic is approaching fast.

Bioengineered Islet Cell Transplantation

Purpose of Review β cell replacement via whole pancreas or islet transplantation has greatly evolved for the cure of type 1 diabetes. Both these strategies are however still affected by several limitations. Pancreas bioengineering holds the potential to overcome these hurdles aiming to repair and regenerate β cell compartment. In this review, we detail the state-of-the-art and recent progress in the bioengineering field applied to diabetes research. Recent Findings The primary target of pancreatic bioengineering is to manufacture a construct supporting insulin activity in vivo. Scaffold-base technique, 3D bioprinting, macro-devices, insulin-secreting organoids, and pancreas-on-chip represent the most promising technologies for pancreatic bioengineering. Summary There are several factors affecting the clinical application of these technologies, and studies reported so far are encouraging but need to be optimized. Nevertheless pancreas bioengineering is evolving very quickly and its combination with stem cell research developments can only accelerate this trend.

A glucose-supplemented diet enhances gut barrier integrity in Drosophila

Dietary intervention has received considerable attention as an approach to extend lifespan and improve aging. However, questions remain regarding optimal dietary regimes and underlying mechanisms of lifespan extension. Here, we asked how an increase of glucose in a chemically defined diet extends the lifespan of adult Drosophila. We showed that glucose-dependent lifespan extension is not a result of diminished caloric intake, or changes to systemic insulin activity, two commonly studied mechanisms of lifespan extension. Instead, we found that flies raised on glucose-supplemented food increased the expression of cell adhesion genes, delaying age-dependent loss of intestinal barrier integrity. Furthermore, we showed that chemical disruption of the gut barrier negated the lifespan extension associated with glucose-treatment, suggesting that glucose-supplemented food prolongs adult viability by enhancing the intestinal barrier. We believe our data contribute to understanding intestinal homeostasis, and may assist efforts to develop preventative measures that limit effects of aging on health.