Decision Rules Derived from Optimal Decision Trees with Hypotheses

Conventional decision trees use queries each of which is based on one attribute. In this study, we also examine decision trees that handle additional queries based on hypotheses. This kind of query is similar to the equivalence queries considered in exact learning. Earlier, we designed dynamic programming algorithms for the computation of the minimum depth and the minimum number of internal nodes in decision trees that have hypotheses. Modification of these algorithms considered in the present paper permits us to build decision trees with hypotheses that are optimal relative to the depth or relative to the number of the internal nodes. We compare the length and coverage of decision rules extracted from optimal decision trees with hypotheses and decision rules extracted from optimal conventional decision trees to choose the ones that are preferable as a tool for the representation of information. To this end, we conduct computer experiments on various decision tables from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. In addition, we also consider decision tables for randomly generated Boolean functions. The collected results show that the decision rules derived from decision trees with hypotheses in many cases are better than the rules extracted from conventional decision trees.

Correlated iron isotopes and silicon contents in aubrite metals reveal structure of their asteroidal parent body

Iron isotopes record the physical parameters, such as temperature and redox conditions, during differentiation processes on rocky bodies. Here we report the results of a correlated investigation of iron isotope compositions and silicon contents of silicon-bearing metal grains from several aubritic meteorites. Based on their Fe isotopic and elemental Si compositions and thermal modelling, we show that these aubrite metals equilibrated with silicates at temperatures ranging from ~ 1430 to ~ 1640 K and likely sampled different depths within their asteroidal parent body. The highest temperature in this range corresponds to their equilibration at a minimum depth of up to ~ 35 km from the surface of the aubrite parent body, followed by brecciation and excavation by impacts within the first ~ 4 Myr of Solar System history.

Comprehensive Analysis of NAFLD and the Therapeutic Target Identified

Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious health threat worldwide. The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe the metabolic and immunologic characteristics of NAFLD, and to explore potential therapeutic drug targets for NAFLD.Methods: Six NAFLD datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE48452, GSE63067, GSE66676, GSE89632, GSE24807, and GSE37031. The datasets we then used to identify and analyze genes that were differentially expressed in samples from patients with NAFLD and normal subjects, followed by analysis of the metabolic and immunologic characteristics of patients with NAFLD. We also identified potential therapeutic drugs for NAFLD using the Connectivity Map (CMAP) database. Moreover, we constructed a prediction model using minimum depth random forest analysis and screened for potential therapeutic targets. Finally, therapeutic targets were verified in a fatty liver model stimulated by palmitic acid (PA).Results: A total of 1,358 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, which were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Immune infiltration analysis showed that memory B cells, regulatory T cells and M1 macrophage were significantly up-regulated, while T cells follicular helper were down regulated in NAFLD. These may provide a reference for the immune-metabolism interaction in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Digoxin and helveticoside were identified as potential therapeutic drugs for NAFLD via the CMAP database. In addition, a five-gene prediction model based on minimum depth random forest analysis was constructed, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of both training and validation set reached 1. The five candidate therapeutic targets were ENO3, CXCL10, INHBE, LRRC31, and OPTN. Moreover, the efficiency of hepatocyte adipogenesis decreased after OPTN knockout, confirming the potential use of OPTN as a new therapeutic target for NAFLD.Conclusion: This study provides a deeper insight into the molecular pathogenesis of NAFLD. We used five key genes to construct a diagnostic model with a strong predictive effect. Therefore, these five key genes may play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD, particularly those with increased OPTN expression.

Assessment of Chemical Injection to Mitigate Wax Deposition in Unconventional Wells

This work presents a numerical assessment of chemical inhibitor injection to mitigate wax deposition in unconventional wells. The goal of this study is to simulate the deposition of wax under several operational conditions and later optimize the chemical inhibitor injection position, using two different types of numerical simulations. A transient one-dimensional multiphase flow simulator - ALFAsim, with a dedicated wax model, was used to predict flow conditions such pressure, temperature, holdup and flow pattern profiles, as well the position and rates that wax accumulates. The results from the 1D simulation were then used as boundary conditions in a 3D CFD simulator, which aimed to assess how long it would take to a satisfactory homogenization of the inhibitor with the flow and what would be the minimum depth for the injector should be installed. In this work, a 1D multiphase flow simulator with wax deposition model was used to identify on which operational conditions (flow rates and environmental temperatures) an unconventional well would start to present wax deposition on its tubing walls. After defining the susceptible region where the paraffin could deposit, it was important to verify if the inhibitor would be well homogenized with the stream when reaching this region. For that, a 3D CFD simulation was performed, using information obtained directly from the 1D simulator as boundary conditions. The CFD model was capable to show the mixing evolution of the inhibitor with the stream and it was possible to determine the minimum distance where the injector should be placed to guarantee such homogeneity. A real well was selected to provide comparisons between field observations and simulated data, in order to validate the model assumptions and accuracy.

Morphometric Indicators and Functional Properties of the Udder of First-Calf Heifers of Different Genotypes

Приводятся результаты оценки развития вымени и его функциональных свойств у коров-первотёлок чёрно-пёстрой породы (Iгруппа), голштинов немецкой (II группа) и голландской (III группа) селекции и их помесей: ½ голштин немецкой селекции х ½ чёрно-пёстрая (IV группа), ½ голштин голландской селекции х ½ чёрно-пёстрая (Vгруппа). Установлено, что минимальными показателями вымени отличались коровы I группы, максимальными – IIи III групп, помеси IVи V групп, вследствие проявления эффекта скрещивания, занимали промежуточное положение. Так, коровы-первотёлки чёрно-пёстрой породы I группы уступали сверстницам II–V групп по ширине вымени на 0,72–1,90 см (2,65–7,01%, Р < 0,05), обхвату вымени – на 2,01–4,60 см (1,66–3,79%, Р < 0,05). Минимальной глубиной передних и задних долей вымени отличались коровы-первотёлки I группы. Они уступали сверстницам II–V групп по глубине передних долей вымени на 0,87–2,06 см (3,36–7,94%, Р < 0,05–0,01), задних долей – на 0,58–2,23 см (1,91–7,33%, Р < 0,05–0,01). При этом коровы-первотёлки IIи III групп превосходили сверстниц чёрно-пёстрой породы I группы по уровню удоя соответственно на 2,05 кг (11,60%, Р < 0,01) и 2,47 кг (13,97%, Р < 0,01), помесей IV и V групп – на 0,88 кг (5,03%, Р < 0,05) и 0,47 кг (2,44%, Р < 0,05), 1,58 кг (8,51%, Р < 0,01) и 0,89 кг (4,62%, Р < 0,05). Коровы-первотёлки II и III групп превосходили сверстниц других групп по интенсивности молокоотдачи от 0,02 кг/мин (1,07%, Р < 0,05) до 0,23 кг/мин (13,6%, Р < 0,01). Установлено лидирующее положение коров-первотёлок II и III групп по индексу вымени. Их преимущество над сверстницами I группы составляло соответственно 1,86% (Р < 0,05) и 2,18% (Р < 0,01), помесями IV группы – 0,70% (Р < 0,05) и 1,02% (Р < 0,05), помесями Vгруппы – 0,67% (Р < 0,05) и 0,99% (Р < 0,05). The assessment results of the development of the udder and its functional properties in first-calf heifers of the Black-and-White breed (first group), German Holstein (second group) and Dutch (third group) selection and their crossbreeds are given: ½ German Holstein x ½ Black-and-White (fourth group), ½ Holstein Dutch selection x ½ Black-and-White (fifth group). It was found that cows of the first group differed in the minimum indicators of the udder, the maximum – in the second and third groups, the crossbreeds of the fourth and fifth groups, due to the appearing of the crossing effect, occupied an intermediate position. So, first-calf heifers of the Black-and-White breed of the first group were inferior to their herdmates of the II–V groups in the width of the udder by 0.72–1.90 cm (2.65–7.01%, P < 0.05), the circumference of the udder – by 2.01–4.60 cm (1.66–3.79%, P < 0.05). First-calf heifers of the first group differed in the minimum depth of the front and back udder lobes. They were inferior to herdmates of groups II–V in the depth of front lobes of the udder by 0.87–2.06 cm (3.36–7.94%, P < 0.05–0.01), back lobes – by 0.58–2.23 cm (1.91–7.33%, P < 0.05–0.01). At the same time, first-calf heifers of the second and third groups were superior to the herdmates of the Black-and-White breed of the 1st group in terms of milk yield, respectively by 2.05 kg (11.60%, P < 0.01) and 2.47 kg (13.97%, P < 0.01), crossbreeds of groups IV and V – by 0.88 kg (5.03%, P < 0.05) and 0.47 kg (2.44%, P < 0.05), 1.58 kg (8.51%, P < 0.01) and 0.89 kg (4.62%, P < 0.05). First-calf heifers of second and third groups were superior to their herdmates in other groups in terms of milk flow intensity from 0.02 kg/min (1.07%, P < 0.05) to 0.23 kg/min (13.6%, P < 0.01). The leading position of first-calf heifers of second and third groups in terms of udder index has been established. Their advantage over their herdmates in the first group was, respectively, 1.86% (P < 0.05) and 2.18% (P < 0.01), for crossbreds of fourth group – 0.70% (P < 0.05) and 1.02% (P < 0.05), crossbreds of fifth group – 0.67% (P < 0.05) and 0.99% (P < 0.05).

Concentration Dependence of the Surface Tension of Three and Four-Component Systems with Peculiarities in the Surface Tension Isotherms of Lateral Binary Melts

The experimental study results of the melts concentration dependence of the surface tension of the four-component indium-tin-lead-bismuth system and its constituent binary systems of indium-tin, indium-lead, indium-bismuth, tin-lead, tin-bismuth, lead-bismuth are presented in the paper. It is shown that the concentration dependence of the melts surface tension of the In-Sn-Pb-Bi four-component system can be predicted from the data on ST (surface tension) values of lateral binary systems. Features in the ST isotherms in the form of a minimum are observed only in the indium-tin lateral system from all lateral binaries. A distinctive feature of the detected minimum is that the minimum depth slightly exceeds the experimental error. Therefore, in addition to the fact that the area of average compositions was studied more thoroughly, we carried out the surface tension measurements by two independent methods. The experimental data obtained by both methods coincide within the experimental error and indicate the extremum availability on ST isotherms. Thus, ST experimental studies by two independent methods confirmed the presence of a flat minimum on ST isotherms of the indium-tin binary system increasing the reliability of the obtained data. The obtained outcomes and their comparison with experimental data have shown that the considered models for predicting surface properties based on data due to similar properties of lateral binary systems adequately reflect the experimental dependences. However, the prediction model based on Kohler's method of excess values describes the experimental curves more accurately.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF HAND-DIGITIZED AEROMAGNETIC DATA FROM IDAH

Qualitative and Quantitative interpretation of hand-digitized aeromagnetic data from Idah has been carried out by applying forward and inverse modeling technique. Qualitatively, wavelength and amplitudes of source bodies reveal lithologic contrast, basement structure and sedimentary magnetization contrast. The maximum depth to top of the magnetic source body obtained is 16.8m and minimum depth is 0.5m. The anomalous bodies’ total magnetic intensity ranges from a minimum negative peak value of -153.5nT to maximum value of 162.7nT. Susceptibility values obtained reveals the presence of rocks such as granite, diabase, olivine-diabase, basalt/gabbro, quartzite and diorite. Results obtained shows that hand-digitized data competes favorably with computer digitized data

THE EVALUATION OF THE CAUSES OF RETAINING WALL STRUCTURE FAILURE AT A RIVER BASED ON SNI 2847:2013

In this paper, the application of SNI 2847:2013 in the evaluation of the caseof a retaining wall failure is presented. The method is the analyticalretaining wall evaluation, which consisted of visual inspection in the field,depth measurement of pile and sheet pile, and the quality test of concretematerial. The data were used as input in structure modeling using FiniteElement Method (FEM) software to calculate each structural member'srequired strength (Ru). The calculation was done to obtain the designstrength (ØRn) of the structural member. The retaining wall is consideredsafe if its design strength is greater than or equal to the required strengthor ØRn ? Ru. If this condition cannot be fulfilled, the retaining wall isconsidered failed, and then the causes of failure would be performed. Theresult showed that the depth of the pile and sheet pile is less than therequired minimum depth, and concrete quality is below the specificationmentioned in the as-built drawing data. According to structural analysis andcalculation of site investigation data, it could be known that the causes ofretaining wall failure are the design strength is smaller than the requiredstrength and the vertical moment due to its self-weight is much smaller thanthe horizontal moment due to soil and water pressure, so it causes thestructural sliding.

COMPLEX GEOLOGICAL-GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF THE UNDERWATER VOLCANO 7.10 (KURIL ISLAND ARC)

Submarine volcano 7.10, which is part of the North Iturup group of submarine volcanoes of the Kuril island arc, was studied in 5 voyages of the research vessel Vulkanolog in 1982–1989. Comprehensive studies have shown that the edifice of the 7.10 submarine volcano is composed of rocks of a range from dacites to basalts. The summit and slopes of the volcano are devoid of sediments, and the base is overlain by a sedimentary stratum, thickness of which reaches 800 m. The minimum depth recorded above the top of the volcano is 210 m. In the volcanic edifice, subvertical, northeastern and northwestern feeder channels, as well as peripheral magma chambers at depths of 2.5–3.0 km, were identified. It is assumed that during the terminal eruption, small lava flows poured out in the northeast and southwest directions, while the main lava flow poured out in the southeast direction and reached the base of the volcanic edifice.