Diversity of roots and root systems in pauciennial dicots

Исторически сложившийся в ботанике стереотип представлений об аллоризном строении корней и корневых систем малолетних (одно-двулетних) растений из класса Двудольных может стать серьезной помехой для объективной оценки разнообразия этой интереснейшей группы жизненных форм цветковых растений. При более внимательном изучении морфологии и анатомии корней в динамике их онтогенетического развития выявляется существенная неполнота наших знаний в этой области и отсутствие необходимого уровня развития терминологии, которые сказываются на содержательности изданных учебных пособий. Рассмотренные в этих пособиях хрестоматийные примеры дают далеко не полную картину природного разнообразия морфологической и анатомической структуры корней и в них, часто бывают недооценены или просто опущены важные детали в процессе их развития. К числу таких деталей относится коллет - структура в переходной зоне между главным корнем и гипокотилем, которой свойственна своя анатомия и морфология (развитие волосков или ризоидов), включая примордии боковых корней, закладывающихся внутри коллета иногда еще в ходе эмбриогенеза. Historically borned stereotype on allorhizy of pauciennial (annual-biennial) plants from Dicots can be valuable interference for objective representations (describing) of this extremely interesting flowering plant group diversity. Via more attentive and deep research of the morphology and anatomy of roots in their ontogenetic development dynamics we can observe (reveal) ncompleteness of our knowledge in this area and unsufficient level of terminology which could have negative influence on our published text-books content. Hackneyed examples that were presented in these text-books can illustrate far from the full picture of natural diversity of root morphology and anatomy with some valuable details of their development obviously underestimated or simply omitted. There is a collet amongst these details - more or less inflated transition zone between radicle and hypocotyl with its own anatomy and morphology features (cover from trichomes or rhyzoides), including lateral roots primordia which can be initiated inside even during embryogenesis.

Eryngium (Apiaceae, Saniculoideae) in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil

Eryngium has about 220 species, mostly distributed in subtropical and temperate regions of all continents. With about 60 species, the genus is widely distributed in Brazil, being present in all states of the country. Its species are perennial or biennial plants that preferentially colonize terrestrial, aquatic and rocky substrates. They usually have an erect or creeping habit, with rosulate leaves and white, blue or purple flowers. Within Apiaceae, the genus can be easily distinguished from the other genera by its capitulate inflorescences and by having a single bract per flower. We present the first taxonomic treatment for the genus in the state of Paraná, which is based on herbarium collections and fieldwork across the state. In total, 25 species were recorded. Of these, seven are endemic to Brazil. Eryngium aloifolium and E. regnelli are new records for Paraná. Fifteen species grow in native grasslands at high elevations, whereas one species is restricted to remnants of savannas in the northern portion of the state (E. rochei). Identification key, descriptions, illustrations, distributions maps, and taxonomic comments are provided.

Inițierea fondării colecției de plante melifere în cadrul Grădinii Botanice Naționale (Institut) „Alexandru Ciubotaru”

At the “Al. Ciubotaru” National Botanical Garden, a collection of honey plants has been founded. It includes annual and biennial plants with different growing seasons and flowering stages, starting in May and ending in October, so that there is a staggered blooming of honey plants throughout the growing season and a source of nectar and pollen for pollinating insects of different taxonomic families, particularly honeybees.

An Insight into the Responses of Early-Maturing Brassica napus to Different Low-Temperature Stresses

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop worldwide, responds to vernalization, and shows an excellent tolerance to cold stresses during vegetative stage. The winter-type and semi-winter-type rapeseed were typical winter biennial plants in Europe and China. In recent years, more and more early-maturing semi-winter rapeseed varieties were planted across China. Unfortunately, the early-maturing rapeseed varieties with low cold tolerance have higher risk of freeze injury in cold winter and spring. The molecular mechanisms for coping with different low-temperature stress conditions in rapeseed recently had gained more attention and development. The present review gives an insight into the responses of early-maturing B. napus to different low-temperature stresses (chilling, freezing, cold-acclimation, and vernalization), and the strategies to improve tolerance against low-temperature stresses are also discussed.

SYSTEMATIC, BIOMORPHOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF WILD-GROWING PLANTS OF PEREYASLAV

The peculiarity of the geographical location of the Pereyaslav Region, the existence of dense river nets (the Dnieper River, the Trubizh River, the Alta River, the Supiy River, etc.) and the diversity of landscapes led to the formation of the region rich in plant species. However, the vegetation cover of the region has been significantly transformed as a result of the construction of a hydroelectric power plant on the Dnieper River and the creation of the Kaniv Reservoir. The purpose of the article is to carry out a systematic, biomorphological and ecological analysis of the composition of wild medicinal plants of the Pereyaslav region. The research was conducted during 2018-2019 years on the territory of the Pereyaslav Region. The object of the study is the flora of wild medicinal plants of the Pereyaslav Region. The study was performed by means of the route, stationary and semi-stationary methods. During the field surveys (geobotanical descriptions) of the studied territory, the flora was described, species and families of the plants were determined, their location and ecological conditions of growth, life form, etc. were noted. As a result of the critical inventory of the species composition of the Pereyaslav flora, the systematic composition of wild herbs and medicinal plants of the region was first developed (582 species), consisting of 106 families and 360 species, among which there are vascular plants (Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta) – 15 species, Pinophyta – 3 species, Magnoliophyta – 567 species. The biomorphological analysis of wild herbs and medicinal plants of the Pereyaslav Region was performed and it was established that the vast majority of species belong to hemicryptophytes (316 species). It was found that in the studied territory the diversity of wild medicinal plants is represented by trees (27 species), shrubs (28 species), subshrubs (10 species), perennial herbaceous plants (387 species), biennial plants (46 species) and annual plants (84 species). It has been established that the ecological-coenotic nature of valuable species of plants in the study consists of forest (170 species), meadow (145 species), meadow-steppe (114 species), synanthropic phytocenoses consist of 95 species and wetland ecotopes – 58 species.

FLORA OF LAWNS IN THE CITY OF UFA

The paper presents a study in the flora of lawns in Ufa. The lawn flora is represented by 192 species belonging to 31 families. Based on coenotic and ecological characteristics, four ecological coenotic groups of species were singled out that were described in the lawn designated areas. The ecological coenotic groups were analysed for life form spectra, hemeroby, species activity. Among the plant communities of typical low-trampled and well-maintained urban lawns (the ecological coenotic group of Festuca pratensis) Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae families were the leading ones, where hemicryptophytes and oligo-meso-αeuhemerobes dominated. The lawns subjected to significant anthropogenic impact (trampling, salinization) (the ecological coenotic group of Taraxacum officinale) had a large number of species that belonged to the «ruderal» Polygonaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae families, where hemicryptophytes and meso-euhemerobes dominated. Ruderal species of Asteraceae, Poaceae, Amaranthaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Polygonaceae families prevailed, with a large share of ruderal and semi-ruderal annual and biennial plants, β-eupolyhemerobes, in the lawn designated areas where gramineous plant community did not develop after soil disturbance (the ecological coenotic group of Chenopodium album). Ruderal species of Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygonaceae families with a large portion of ruderal annual and biennial β-eupolyhemerobes also dominated in humid and waterlogged lawn areas. The ecological ecoenotic groups of Taraxacum officinale, Chenopodium album and Bidens tripartita had a large number of neophyte species. The lawn areas with the ecological coenotic groups of Taraxacum officinale, Chenopodium album and Bidens tripartite were found as most colonized with ruderal plants. A number of measures are required to build dense grass covering: reconstruction and heavy maintenance of lawns combined with sowing quality lawn grass mixtures, regular mowing practices to reduce the number of ruderal hemytherophytes and therophytes, timely plant nutrition and watering.

Peculiarities of the growth of virgin blueberry plants on the developed peat deposit with the application of mineral and microbial fertilizers

The results of comparative study of current increment of vegetative sphere yearling and biennial of plants of a half-highbush blueberry Northland and Denise Blue at fertilizer application NPK-compound (N16P16K16) and of some microbial specimen – a liquid product of MaKloR in concentration of 10 and 50 % in test crop on recultivated cutover peatlands in article are resulted. It is positioned that tested agricultural methods have rendered the expressed promoting effect on formation of a current increment of vegetative sphere of plants of a blueberry. In the first year of fertilization the least efficacy is positioned for a variant with N16P16K16 which conceded to a drug of MaKloR in 1.1–1.5 times. Its productivity increased with concentration augmentation in 1.2–1.4 times, depending on a varietal accessory of plants and phylum of shoots. In the absence of varietal differences in degree of positive influence of microbial fertilizing of MaKloR on development of vegetative propagules, efficacy of its action, as well as N16P16K16, on development of generative propagules, in variety Denise Blue exceeded for kind Northland in 4.2–4.8 times.Positive influence of mineral and microbial fertilizing’s on a current increment of vegetative sphere of biennial plants of both variety of a blueberry essentially conceded to that annotinous, against conservation of its progressing magnification in process of strengthening of microbial fertilising of MaKloR. Thus productivity of action N16P16K16 on development of propagules in variety Northland, depending on their phylum, exceeded that microbial fertilising of MaKloR in 1.2–1.9 times, at variety Denise Blue – in 1.3–2.6 times. It is shown that against absence of the expressed varietal distinctions in degree of stimulating influence of fertilizings on development of vegetative shoots, efficacy of their action on development of generative shoots, unlike annual plants, at kind Denise Blue conceded that for kind Northland in 1.7–2.3 times.

Resource availability at the rosette stage and apical dominance in the strictly biennial Erysimum strictum (Brassicaceae)

In biennial plants, the age of flowering is constrained, but size at flowering is highly variable. This suggests that performance at the flowering stage depends largely on growth conditions at the rosette stage. We examined this possibility using Erysimum strictum P. Gaertn., B. Mey., and Scherb. (Brassicaceae), a strictly biennial herb, the reproductive output of which increases with increasing plant height and branch number. In a common garden experiment, we defoliated (50% of leaves removed twice) and fertilized (three times) individual plants at the rosette stage and studied their performance at the flowering stage in the following year. Rosette defoliation adversely affected all performance measures except seed number per fruit and seed weight. Fertilization did not alleviate these effects. Defoliation reduced seed set by 48% in fertilized plants and 29% in unfertilized plants. Fertilization stimulated branch production from the rosette base but did not significantly affect plant height. These observations suggest that, in the case of basally unbranched plants, apical dominance by the leading stalk suppresses the axillary meristems at the rosette base. Fertilization at the rosette stage can break this suppression. The induction for breakage presumably occurs before bolting since, in our earlier experiments, neither fertilization nor apical damage at the flowering stage stimulated branching from the base. Erysimum strictum is likely to be selected for fast vertical growth at the start of bolting, and hence plant height is a less plastic trait with respect to resource availability than branch number. Regression analysis suggested that, in response to rosette fertilization, small plants invest in height growth instead of branching, whereas large plants to a greater extent invest their supplemental resources in vigorous branching. Consequently, resource availability at the rosette stage influences apical dominance at the flowering stage. Unexpectedly, however, improved resource availability did not alleviate the cost of simulated rosette-stage herbivory.Key words: apical dominance, biennial, fitness, herbivory, resource availability, rosette stage.