Resource availability at the rosette stage and apical dominance in the strictly biennial Erysimum strictum (Brassicaceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Piippo ◽  
Ari-Pekka Huhta ◽  
Pasi Rautio ◽  
Juha Tuomi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Biennial Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Plastic Trait

In biennial plants, the age of flowering is constrained, but size at flowering is highly variable. This suggests that performance at the flowering stage depends largely on growth conditions at the rosette stage. We examined this possibility using Erysimum strictum P. Gaertn., B. Mey., and Scherb. (Brassicaceae), a strictly biennial herb, the reproductive output of which increases with increasing plant height and branch number. In a common garden experiment, we defoliated (50% of leaves removed twice) and fertilized (three times) individual plants at the rosette stage and studied their performance at the flowering stage in the following year. Rosette defoliation adversely affected all performance measures except seed number per fruit and seed weight. Fertilization did not alleviate these effects. Defoliation reduced seed set by 48% in fertilized plants and 29% in unfertilized plants. Fertilization stimulated branch production from the rosette base but did not significantly affect plant height. These observations suggest that, in the case of basally unbranched plants, apical dominance by the leading stalk suppresses the axillary meristems at the rosette base. Fertilization at the rosette stage can break this suppression. The induction for breakage presumably occurs before bolting since, in our earlier experiments, neither fertilization nor apical damage at the flowering stage stimulated branching from the base. Erysimum strictum is likely to be selected for fast vertical growth at the start of bolting, and hence plant height is a less plastic trait with respect to resource availability than branch number. Regression analysis suggested that, in response to rosette fertilization, small plants invest in height growth instead of branching, whereas large plants to a greater extent invest their supplemental resources in vigorous branching. Consequently, resource availability at the rosette stage influences apical dominance at the flowering stage. Unexpectedly, however, improved resource availability did not alleviate the cost of simulated rosette-stage herbivory.Key words: apical dominance, biennial, fitness, herbivory, resource availability, rosette stage.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BORON APPLICATION ON COTTON YIELD COMPONENTS AND FIBER QUALITY PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-352
Author(s):  
Emine KARADEMIR ◽  
C. KARADEMIR
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Seed Cotton ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Formation Stage ◽  
Application Methods

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different boron application methods on cotton yield, plant growth and fiber technological properties. The study was conducted at Siirt University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Field Crops experimental area as randomized complete block design with four replications in 2018. Stoneville 468 cotton variety and boron liquid foliar fertilizer were used as material. Seven different boron applications were performed as (Control, 1000 cc ha-1 at pre-flowering stage, 2000 cc ha-1 at pre-flowering stage, 1000 cc ha-1 at flowering stage, 2000 cc ha-1 at flowering stage and 1000 cc ha-1 at boll formation stage, 2000 cc ha-1 at boll formation stage). The results of statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between applications methods in terms of plant height and number of monopodial branches. But there were non-significant differences in terms of number of sympodial branches, number of first node of sympodial branch, number of nodes, height/node ratio, number of bolls, boll weight, seed cotton weight of per boll, number of seeds per boll, first picking percentage, 100 seeds weight, ginning percentage, seed cotton yield and fiber technological characteristics. In conclusion different application methods of boron increased plant height and number of monopodial branches of cotton when applied as 1000 and 2000 cc ha-1 at pre-flowering stages.

scholarly journals Growth and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris in different growth media

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1427-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATHIAS A. CHIA ◽  
ANA T. LOMBARDI ◽  
MARIA DA GRACA G. MELAO
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
The Cost

The need for clean and low-cost algae production demands for investigations on algal physiological response under different growth conditions. In this research, we investigated the growth, biomass production and biochemical composition of Chlorella vulgaris using semi-continuous cultures employing three growth media (LC Oligo, Chu 10 and WC media). The highest cell density was obtained in LC Oligo, while the lowest in Chu medium. Chlorophyll a, carbohydrate and protein concentrations and yield were highest in Chu and LC Oligo media. Lipid class analysis showed that hydrocarbons (HC), sterol esthers (SE), free fatty acids (FFA), aliphatic alcohols (ALC), acetone mobile polar lipids (AMPL) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations and yields were highest in the Chu medium. Triglyceride (TAG) and sterol (ST) concentrations were highest in the LC Oligo medium. The results suggested that for cost effective cultivation, LC Oligo medium is the best choice among those studied, as it saved the cost of buying vitamins and EDTA associated with the other growth media, while at the same time resulted in the best growth performance and biomass production.

scholarly journals Habitat-mediated population limitation in a colonial central-place forager: the sky is not the limit for the black-browed albatross

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1778) ◽  
pp. 20132883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewan D. Wakefield ◽  
Richard A. Phillips ◽  
Jason Matthiopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Resource Availability ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Population Limitation ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Temporal Predictability ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Cost

Animal populations are frequently limited by the availability of food or of habitat. In central-place foragers, the cost of accessing these resources is distance-dependent rather than uniform in space. However, in seabirds, a widely studied exemplar of this paradigm, empirical population models have hitherto ignored this cost. In part, this is because non-independence among colonies makes it difficult to define population units. Here, we model the effects of both resource availability and accessibility on populations of a wide-ranging, pelagic seabird, the black-browed albatross Thalassarche melanophris . Adopting a multi-scale approach, we define regional populations objectively as spatial clusters of colonies. We consider two readily quantifiable proxies of resource availability: the extent of neritic waters (the preferred foraging habitat) and net primary production (NPP). We show that the size of regional albatross populations has a strong dependence, after weighting for accessibility, on habitat availability and to a lesser extent, NPP. Our results provide indirect support for the hypothesis that seabird populations are regulated from the bottom-up by food availability during the breeding season, and also suggest that the spatio-temporal predictability of food may be limiting. Moreover, we demonstrate a straightforward, widely applicable method for estimating resource limitation in populations of central-place foragers.

Cost of apical dominance in two monocarpic herbs, Erysimum strictum and Rhinanthus minor

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari-Pekka Huhta ◽  
Juha Tuomi ◽  
Pasi Rautio
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Branch Development ◽  
Rhinanthus Minor ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Branches

Apical dominance is advantageous in conditions favoring rapid growth in height and unbranched architecture. The cost of apical dominance, on the other hand, should be expressed in conditions where fecundity increases along with an increasing number of branches. Apical damage can be used to measure such costs: when suppressed meristems are released from apical inhibition, the vegetative and reproductive productivity of initially unbranched plants should increase owing to the regrowth and increased branch development following damage. We studied these regrowth responses in two monocarpic herbs, Erysimum strictum P. Gaertn., B. Mey., and Scherb. and Rhinanthus minor L., after both apical damage (10% of the shoot cut) and more extensive damage (50 and 75% cutting). Both species tolerated apical damage, although severe damage had detrimental effects on the performance of both, especially R. minor. Apical damage had positive effects on most of the measured performance parameters of Erysimum. However, the success of seed germination collapsed, presumably due to delayed flowering and less successful pollination. The response was parallel in Rhinanthus; apical damage affected neither the vegetative biomass nor fecundity, but heavier damage, especially 75% clipping, led to severe reductions in most performance measures. The differences in regrowth responses are presumably due to the different habitat requirements of the species. Rhinanthus prefers relatively dense vegetation and starts to branch and produce flowers after a certain threshold in height has been reached, whereas Erysimum prefers gaps in vegetation. In this species, unbranched architecture may be favored in closed vegetation and branched architecture in less competitive habitats. In both species, fruit production correlated positively with the number of branches in both control and clipped plants, which is consistent with the assumption of the cost of apical dominance.Key words: apical dominance, competition, damage, meristem, overcompensation, regrowth.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Jenis Mikoriza Terhadap Pertumbuhan Beberapa Varietas Cabai (Capsicum annum L.) pada Tanah Incepticol Krueng Raya Aceh Besar

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Rahmat Fitra Yandi Nasution ◽  
Syamsuddin Syamsuddin ◽  
Syafruddin Syafruddin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Glomus Mosseae ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Capsicum Annum ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Experimental Garden ◽  
Banda Aceh

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis mikoriza, varietas dan interaksi jenis mikoriza dan varietas terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman cabai pada tanah Incepticol. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Iesuum Krueng Raya Aceh Besar, Rumah Kaca dan Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Syiah Kuala Darussalam Banda Aceh dari bulan Mei sampai September 2018. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial 3 x 2 dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis mikoriza dan varietas. Jenis mikoriza yang digunakan adalah Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora sp dan Campuran serta varietas yang digunakan adalah varietas Lado F1 dan Perintis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan jenis mikoriza berpengaruh nyata pada tinggi tanaman 30 dan 45 HSTdan jumlah cabang produktif. Jenis mikoriza terbaik terdapat pada jenis mikoriza campuran (Glomus mosseae dan Gigaspora sp). Pada varietas berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman 15,30 dan 45 HST, diameter batang 30 dan 40 HST dan jumlah cabang produktif serta berpengaruh nyata pada diameter batang 45 HST. Jenis varietas terbaik terdapat pada varietas Lado. Interaksi antara jenis mikoriza dan jenis varietas berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman 30 HST dan jumlah cabang produktif serta berpengaruh nyata pada diameter batang 30 HST.Interaksi antara jenis mikoriza dan varietas terbaik tedapat pada jenis mikoriza campuran (Glomus mosseae dan Gigaspora sp) dengan varietas Lado F1.The Effect of Mycorrhizal Types on the Growth of Some Chili Varieties in Incepticol Soil Krueng Raya Aceh BesarAbstract. This research aims to determine the effect of type of mycorrhiza, varieties, and interactions of mycorrhiza and varieties types on the growth and yield of chili plants on the Inceptisol land. This research was carried out at the Krueng Raya Iesuum Experimental Garden in Aceh Besar, greenhouse and laboratory of plant physiology, Faculty of Agriculture of Syiah Kuala University, Darussalam, Banda Aceh from Mei to September 2018. The analysis of data used in this study was Randomized Block Design -Factorial 3x2 with 3 replications. The factors observed in this research were the type of mycorrhiza and varieties. Types of mycorrhiza used are Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora, and the combination. Varieties used are Lado F1 and Perintis. The result of this research showed that types of mycorrhiza take effect significantly on plant height 30 dan 45 DAP and productive branch numbers. The mixed of mycorrhiza gives the best result on growth and yield of chili plant. The varieties of chili plants highly significant take effect on plant height 15, 30 and 45 DAP, stem diameter 30 and 40 HST and productive branch numbers and significantly affect on stem diameter 45 DAP. Lado F1 gives the best result on growth and yield. The interactions of mycorrhiza and varieties type highly significant take effect on plant height 30 HST and productive branch number and significantly take effect on stem diameter 30 HST. The combination of mixed mycorrhiza and Lado F1 treatment gives the best result on growth and yield of chili plants. 

Apical dominance ratio as an indicator of the growth conditions favouring Abies alba natural regeneration under Mediterranean environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Ripullone ◽  
Tiziana Gentilesca ◽  
Marco Lauteri ◽  
Angelo Rita ◽  
Anna Rita Rivelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Dominance Ratio

scholarly journals Characterization of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. altissima Wester) Accessions in Northern Ghana by Agro-morphological Traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Nii Ayi Ankrah ◽  
Antonia Y. Tetteh ◽  
Nancy Coffie ◽  
Achana Niagiah
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Hibiscus Sabdariffa ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Branching Points

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. altissima Wester) is a bast fiber crop of global economic importance. Although West Africa is considered the centre of diversity, roselle research and utilization is widely ignored. The awakening of industrialization in Ghana presents roselle as a candidate crop for exploration, however, information on genotypes of economic importance is lacking. Our objective was to map roselle population hotspots in northern Ghana and examine genetic variability therein. Thirty-six roselle accessions collected from five regions in Ghana were planted in field trials using a 6 × 6 lattice square design in three replications and evaluated for seven qualitative and four quantitative morphological traits covering plant type, leaf and stem characteristics, and growth habit. Data were analysed by Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (SDI) and analysis of variance. A large variability was identified between the accessions. The mean SDI values in the 18 districts ranged from 0.53 to 0.73 with Savelugu-Nanton district having the largest diversity and having accessions with the highest mean plant height of 308.27±48.91 cm, highest branching point at 107.19±64.66 cm, and few branches not exceeding 5.0 in number. Majority of the accessions exhibited low branching points. The most variable trait was branch number with SDI of 0.83±0.12. Accessions HA-07, HA-11, HA-12, HA-21, and HA-33 ranked highest with respect to plant height with few branches at high branching points, and large basal diameter. The ample diversity in roselle and identification of genotypes of economic importance await their exploitation for genetic improvement, particularly for fiber yield.

Heterosis, inbreeding depression and their relationship with genetic divergence in sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Banerjee ◽  
P. Kole
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Component Traits ◽  
Pure Lines

Seven parents (CST2002, MT34, OS-Sel-2, TKG22, AAUDT9304-14-4, B67 and Rama), their 21 F 1 s and 21 F 2 s were grown in summer 2003 in a randomized block design with three replications. Heterosis and inbreeding depression were studied for seven important yield-contributing characters (plant height, branch number plant −1 , capsules plant −1 , seeds capsule −1 , 1000-seed weight, stick yield plant −1 and seed yield plant −1 ). Maximum heterosis for seed yield plant −1 over the mid- and better-parent was recorded in CST2002×TKG22 (43.30%) and MT34×B67 (27.22%), respectively. Mid-parent heterosis for seed yield plant −1 was due to cumulative heterosis for various important component traits, such as capsules plant −1 , seeds capsule −1 and 1000-seed weight. Inbreeding depression was highest for seed yield, followed by 1000-seed weight, capsules plant −1 , branch number and plant height, indicating the predominance of non-additive genetic effects. B67×Rama exhibited significant positive heterosis in F 1 , but non-significant inbreeding depression in F 2 for seed yield. This cross can be utilized as basic material for identifying better pure lines. The clustering pattern indicated that in general genetically diverse parents exhibited more heterosis, as evident in the majority of the crosses.

scholarly journals The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Herb Yield of Dragonhead

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
B. Galambosi ◽  
Y. Holm
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Herb Yield

The influence of a top-dressing of nitrogen fertilizer (calcium nitrate, CaNO3) on the individual plant height and weight, herb yield and nitrate content of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) was studied in 1987 in Puumala, Finland. The nitrogen doses applied ranged from 0 to 270 kg/ha. Nitrogen fertilization increased both the individual plant height and weight, the fresh and dry herb yield and the nitrate content of the plants. However, no optimum nitrogen dose could be found since the maximum was not reached in most of the cases. An exception was the herb yield (d.w.) of transplanted plants, harvested at the flowering stage, where a nitrogen dose of 70—80 kg/ha gave the highest yield. If the plants were allowed to grow a few weeks more the yield was four fold compared to the earlier harvesting. Sown plants gave a yield two times higher than the transplanted plants, but this was partly due to the greater plant density on the sown plots.

scholarly journals Investigation of directions of crossing in maize (Zea mays L.)

2007 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Zoltán Bódi ◽  
Pél Pepó ◽  
András Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Side Branch ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Direct Cross ◽  
Ear Height ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Primary Lateral ◽  
Medium Correlation

In Hungary, we examined eight features of twelve direct cross hybrids over a period of three years. The twelve hybrids were derived from direct and reciprocal crosses of four parental lines. We did not find significant differences in the cases of stalk diameter and leaf number in the average of 3 years in any of the hybrids. Statistically explainable differences in primary branches were observed in hybrids UDH5 and UDH8 and also in UDH6 and UDH11. It was evident in both instances that degrees of heterosis in reciprocal crosses far exceeded those of direct ones. High tassel branch number was dominant over the low one; consequently, parents with higher tassel numbers enforced their effects during the formation of this trait in hybrids. We experienced positive correlation (r=0.67**) between plant height and main ear height. A positive correlation (r=0.89**) was also found between the tassel length of the main axis above the lowest and the upper side branch. We observed a medium correlation (r=-0.42**) between the number of primary lateral branches and plant height. The number of primary lateral branches showed the highest heterosis. These results can be utilized in practical selection and seed production.

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