Socioeconomic Status and Group Belonging: Evidence from Early-Nineteenth-Century Colonial West Africa

This study provides a novel analysis of occupational stratification in Sierra Leone from a historical perspective. By employing census data for early-nineteenth-century colonial Sierra Leone, the present study offers a valuable snapshot of a colony characterized by a heterogenous population of indigenous and migratory origin. The study shows that an association between colonial group categorization and socioeconomic status existed despite the colony being of very recent foundation implying a hierarchical structure of the society. Although Europeans and “mulattoes” occupied most high-status positions, as common in the colonies, indigenous immigrants were also represented in high socioeconomic strata thanks to the opportunities stemming from long- and short-distance trading. However, later arrivals, especially liberated slaves, belonged within the lowest socioeconomic strata of the society and worked as farmers or unskilled labor, suggesting that the time component may also have influence socioeconomic opportunities.

A Spatial Nonhomogeneous Poisson Process Model Using Bayesian Approach on a Space-Time Geostatistical Data

In this research, we propose the nonhomogeneous Poisson process on geostatistical data by adding a time component to be applied in the study case of air pollution in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. We use the Bayesian approach to inference the model using the MCMC method. And to generate samples of the posterior distribution, we wield the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, and we obtained it has good convergence for this case. And to show the goodness of fit of this model, we had the value of DIC.

Sponsor Partnerships - It's a lot like dating

<p>This research is an investigation into the scope and evaluation of corporate sponsorship relationships with performing arts organisations (PAOs). Based primarily on Relationship Theory, the aim of this research is to develop a framework for investigating strategic business-to-business marketing and development opportunities. The idea is to find a simple lens to explore ways to enrich the current sponsorship relationship beyond the dollars for tickets experience. This investigation is based on behavioural observations that are the result of a complex mix of variables from business and artistic environments. The phenomenological approach focuses on interpreting behaviours from each participants’ point of view and the interaction of those behaviours (Bryman & Bell, 2011, pp16-19). The method adopted was one of comparative case studies built on the experiences of multiple expert informants. Data was primarily collected through a series of semi-structured interviews covering both sides of the sponsorship relationship. In searching for existing best practice materials in current literature, it became evident that many of the approaches suggested by the studies strongly resembled dating. From this the Dating Analogy Model was developed (Appendix A). The findings of the interviews strongly correlate with the framework of the dating analogy following many of the same behaviours one would expect to find in any successful partnership. The key repeated themes were: • Research • Values congruence • Communication • Partnership • Investment of time • Regular evaluation This report finds that the Dating Analogy Model provides an opportunity to examine the interaction of each perspective. While transactional sponsorship arrangements appear to dominate, they also have elements that create deeper, enduring, high value engagements that strongly align with partnering relationship theory. How those relationships look varies according to the nature of the business of the sponsor, the nature of the interaction (in kind, cash or a combination), and the reasons for sponsoring that particular PAO. This report also shows that the high time component of relationship management needs to be balanced against the expected value of the gains. This report also acknowledges that the analysis conducted has limitations. Cost and time comparisons with other trust funding sources were not included in this study. It is also acknowledged that the validity of the Dating Analogy Model would benefit from practical application or a workshop exercise.</p>

Sponsor Partnerships - It's a lot like dating

<p>This research is an investigation into the scope and evaluation of corporate sponsorship relationships with performing arts organisations (PAOs). Based primarily on Relationship Theory, the aim of this research is to develop a framework for investigating strategic business-to-business marketing and development opportunities. The idea is to find a simple lens to explore ways to enrich the current sponsorship relationship beyond the dollars for tickets experience. This investigation is based on behavioural observations that are the result of a complex mix of variables from business and artistic environments. The phenomenological approach focuses on interpreting behaviours from each participants’ point of view and the interaction of those behaviours (Bryman & Bell, 2011, pp16-19). The method adopted was one of comparative case studies built on the experiences of multiple expert informants. Data was primarily collected through a series of semi-structured interviews covering both sides of the sponsorship relationship. In searching for existing best practice materials in current literature, it became evident that many of the approaches suggested by the studies strongly resembled dating. From this the Dating Analogy Model was developed (Appendix A). The findings of the interviews strongly correlate with the framework of the dating analogy following many of the same behaviours one would expect to find in any successful partnership. The key repeated themes were: • Research • Values congruence • Communication • Partnership • Investment of time • Regular evaluation This report finds that the Dating Analogy Model provides an opportunity to examine the interaction of each perspective. While transactional sponsorship arrangements appear to dominate, they also have elements that create deeper, enduring, high value engagements that strongly align with partnering relationship theory. How those relationships look varies according to the nature of the business of the sponsor, the nature of the interaction (in kind, cash or a combination), and the reasons for sponsoring that particular PAO. This report also shows that the high time component of relationship management needs to be balanced against the expected value of the gains. This report also acknowledges that the analysis conducted has limitations. Cost and time comparisons with other trust funding sources were not included in this study. It is also acknowledged that the validity of the Dating Analogy Model would benefit from practical application or a workshop exercise.</p>

A classical relativistic hydrodynamical model for strong EM wave-spin plasma interaction

Based on the covariant Lagrangian function and Euler-Lagrange equation, a set of classical fluid equations for strong EM wave-spin plasma interaction is derived. Analysis shows that the relativistic effects may affect the interaction processes by three factors: the relativistic factor, the time component of four-spin, and the velocity-field coupling. This set of equations can be used to discuss the collective spin effects of relativistic electrons in classical regime, such as astrophysics, high-energy laser-plasma systems and so on. As an example, the spin induced ponderomotive force in the interaction of strong EM wave and magnetized plasma is investigated. Results show that the time component of four-spin, which approaches to zero in nonrelativistic situations, can increase the spin-ponderomotive force obviously in relativistic situation.

Scheduling Algorithms Implementation for Real Time Operating Systems: A Review

The term "Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)" refers to systems wherein the time component is critical. For example, one or more of a computer's peripheral devices send a signal, and the computer must respond appropriately within a specified period of time. Examples include: the monitoring system in a hospital care unit, the autopilot in the aircraft, and the safety control system in the nuclear reactor. Scheduling is a method that ensures that jobs are performed at certain times. In the real-time systems, accuracy does not only rely on the outcomes of calculation, and also on the time it takes to provide the results. It must be completed within the specified time frame. The scheduling strategy is crucial in any real-time system, which is required to prevent overlapping execution in the system. The paper review classifies several previews works on many characteristics. Also, strategies utilized for scheduling in real time are examined and their features compared.

A Dynamic Just-in-Time Component Delivery Framework for Off-Site Construction

Off-site construction entails various advantages compared with the traditional construction method; however, the fragmentation of the prefabrication and assembly results in a complex supply chain. Both general contractors and factories often encounter production deviation, making the original component delivery plan nonoptimal. Traditionally, both parties tend to rely on internal resources or third-party resources to manage schedule changes, paying little attention to the optimisation of the component delivery process. The static compensation mechanisms reported in existing literature require factories to manage demand fluctuations but fail to encourage general contractors to control schedule deviations. Therefore, a dynamic compensation mechanism is proposed to achieve just-in-time component delivery, with which a factory shares possible changes for each component’s delivery date to its clients on an inverse Kanban system. First, unfavourable changes for the factory schedule are allocated with surcharges, and the general contractor should compensate the factory if it accepts the date changes; secondly, schedule changes that are beneficial for the factory are assigned as incentives, and the general contractor receives the factory’s incentive upon agreeing to the changes. Based on these two scenarios, genetic algorithm-based optimisation models are developed to achieve optimal delivery planning solutions. General contractors can obtain an optimal component delivery date to reduce the additional cost when they have changed the assembly schedule. General contractors can also optimise their component delivery schedule to trade their duration flexibility for incentives offered by factories. The models can help both parties to reduce component delivery waste when either side has the motivation to change the original component delivery schedules.

A Bayesian approach to time-varying latent strengths in pairwise comparisons

The famous Bradley-Terry model for pairwise comparisons is widely used for ranking objects and is often applied to sports data. In this paper we extend the Bradley-Terry model by allowing time-varying latent strengths of compared objects. The time component is modelled with barycentric rational interpolation and Gaussian processes. We also allow for the inclusion of additional information in the form of outcome probabilities. Our models are evaluated and compared on toy data set and real sports data from ATP tennis matches and NBA games. We demonstrated that using Gaussian processes is advantageous compared to barycentric rational interpolation as they are more flexible to model discontinuities and are less sensitive to initial parameters settings. However, all investigated models proved to be robust to over-fitting and perform well with situations of volatile and of constant latent strengths. When using barycentric rational interpolation it has turned out that applying Bayesian approach gives better results than by using MLE. Performance of the models is further improved by incorporating the outcome probabilities.

DIGITAL TWINS: COMBINED SURVEYING PRAXIS FOR MODELLING

While the construction sector embraces the digitalization, new technologies are spreading and are generating benefits. The need of creating a 3D model of the reality, in particular of the built asset, is not new. The Building Information Modelling, a process that gives a great contribution in improving project quality, reducing errors, avoiding uncertainties and enhancing collaboration, allows a virtual representation of the existing asset enriching its geometry with precious and significant information related to its properties. Despite BIM benefits, BIM models do not take into account the real-time component and do not report the real-time behaviour of the building. Digital twin, the virtual copy of an object, instead creates a real-time virtual twin of the physical asset considering this ingredient and reproducing how the building behaves. The paper starts right from the investigation of the Digital Twin concepts and its main features and proceeds with an analysis of several technologies and instruments exploited till now for the surveying and positioning of existing buildings. In addition, a new toolkit based on AR and coupled with sensors and visualisation tool developed by xxx, an ongoing H2020 project, is presented to show its main advantages when it comes to representing the virtual copy of an existing building.