Fabrication of an Immobilized Polyelectrolite Complex (PEC) Membrane from Pectin-Chitosan and Chromoionophore ETH 5294 for pH-Based Fish Freshness Monitoring

Considering the significance of its demand around the world, the accurate determination of fish freshness with a simple and rapid procedure has become an interesting issue for the fishing industry. Hence, we aimed to fabricate a new optical pH sensor based on a polyelectrolyte (PEC) membrane of pectin–chitosan and the active material chromoionophore ETH 5294. A trial-and-error investigation of the polymer compositions revealed that the optimum ratio of pectin to chitosan was 3:7. With an optimum wavelength region (λ) at 610 nm, the constructed sensor was capable of stable responses after 5 min exposure to phosphate-buffered solution. Furthermore, the obtained sensor achieved optimum sensitivity when the PBS concentration was 0.1 M, while the relative standard deviation values ranged from 2.07 to 2.34%, suggesting good reproducibility. Further investigation revealed that the sensor experienced decreased absorbance of 16.67–18.68% after 25 days of storage. Employing the optimum conditions stated previously, the sensor was tested to monitor fish freshness in samples that were stored at 4 °C and ambient temperature. The results suggested that the newly fabricated optical sensor could measure pH changes on fish skin after 25 h storage at room temperature (pH 6.37, 8.91 and 11.02, respectively) and 4 °C (pH 6.8, 7.31 and 7.92, respectively).

Infrared antenna-like structures in mammalian fur

Many small animals, including shrews, most rodents and some marsupials, have fur composed of at least four types of hair, all with distinctive and complex anatomy. A ubiquitous and unexplained feature is periodic, internal banding with spacing in the 6–12 µm range that hints at an underlying infrared function. One bristle-like form, called guard hair, has the correct shape and internal periodic patterns to function as an infrared antenna. Optical analysis of guard hair from a wide range of species shows precise tuning to the optimum wavelength for thermal imaging. For heavily predated, nocturnal animals the ability to sense local infrared sources has a clear survival advantage. The tuned antennae, spectral filters and waveguides present in guard hair, all operating at a scale similar to the infrared wavelength, could be a rich source of bio-inspiration in the field of photonics. The tools developed in this work may enable us to understand the other hair types and their evolution.

Transcriptome Spectral Analysis using Hyperspectral Imaging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Detection

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a noteworthy health problem with a poor diagnosis due to limited detection techniques. Transcriptome studies can be used to classify cancer further away from anatomical location and histopathology. Recent studies demonstrated the novelty of numerous types of specific RNA biomarkers that differentially expressed both the normal liver and the HCC tissues, but those specific types overlapped with the detection of other types of cancers. In this study, total RNA was used to ensure the existence of differences between different cancer types. A multispectral light source (340-1000 nm) interacted with the sample. Multi-wavelengths images were captured using a hyperspectral camera (wavelength 380-1000 nm). The optimum wavelength to discriminate between the normal and HCC samples was selected by calculating the optical properties (transmission, absorption and scattered light). Results showed specific spectral signatures for total RNA within the red-band (633-700 nm) that discriminate HCC from control. The amount of light scattering, transmission and absorption relatively changed due to the variations of size, shape, and concentration of total RNA. The spectral RNA signature that is dependent on the shape and size of total RNA may be utilized as the gold standard for HCC detection.

Characterization of Normal and Malignant Breast Tissues utilizing Hyperspectral Images and Associated Differential Spectrum Algorithm

Breast malignancy is the most pervasive disease and a significant reason for death in women around the world. Recently, Photonic technologies play a vital role in medical applications. This study presents an outline of recent outcomes on the magnitude of breast tissue optical properties. We established an optical system setup utilizing a hyperspectral (HS) camera with poly-chromatic source lights with wavelength (380~1050 nm) for this investigation. Measuring the diffuse reflection (Ŗd) of the investigated ex vivo breast sample to select the optimum spectral image to differentiate between the normal and tumor in the near infra-red and visible (NIR–VIS) spectrum. Finally, applying the custom algorithm to increase the image contrast and applying contour delineation of the malignant regions. The experimental analysis indicates key spectroscopic variations between normal tissue and malignant region in range (550~650 nm). Although, after data normalization, there was noticeable variation at three ranges (630–680 nm), (720–770 nm), and (830–880 nm). The calculated standard deviation (Şd) between the normal and cancer tissue to validate the selective ranges shows that the highest contrast at wavelength 680 nm. However, the histogram analysis illustrates that the spectral image at 600 nm was higher contrast and wavelength 400 nm was the lowest contrast from the select seven-spectral images (400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000 nm) to avoid the processing time of the captured HS 128-frames. The proposed potential method could provide promising results on the investigated breast sample optical properties in the diagnostic applications to assist the pathologist and the surgeon. Where the optimum wavelength at 680 nm for diagnostic applications and the ideal spectral image at 600 nm discriminate between the normal and malignant tissue.

Karakterisasi Sumber Cahaya Menggunakan Spektrofotometer Vis-Nir untuk Optimasi Optical Non-Contact Speedometer

Characterization the light source has been carried out using a Vis-Nir spectrophotometer with the Ocean Optics DTmini-2 model. The purpose of this characteristic is to obtain the optimum wavelength as a light source in making a digital optical non-contact speedometer model. There are 5 light sources tested, namely blue, green, yellow, red and white light. From the characterization results, the wavelengths were blue (450 nm), green (540 nm), yellow (570 nm), red (640 nm) and white (550 nm). In making the digital optical non-contact speedometer model, a photodiode sensor is used which has an absorbance peak point at 479 nm, 680, and 900 nm. The working principle of the prototype is to detect changes in light intensity as a result of the reflectance by the wheel. The sensor reads every color changes on the wheel and the results will be sent to the microcontroller for further processing. The results obtained are that the red LED is excellent to this prototype because it has the highest ADC value compared to other light sources tested. This is consistent with the results of the sensor spectrophotometer characterization.

HyPIR Electrolysis for a 0.25 M Epsom Salt Solution

Previous laboratory work using a 0.12 M Epsom salt solution showed that HyPIR Electrolysis, or Hydrogen Production by Infrared Electrolysis, can increase the rate of hydrogen production from a solution of Epsom salt dissolved in water by irradiating the electrolyte with an optimum wavelength of light. This article presents data for a 0.25 M Epsom salt solution. A comparison of the data for different molarities shows that an increase in molarity of the electrolytic system decreases the rate of hydrogen production.

Approach Towards Non-Invasive Blood Type Method by Studying Optical Properties of RBC Using Double Beam Spectroscopy

In India, more than 38,000 blood donations are needed every day, and a total of 30 million blood components are transfused each year. Blood type matching is crucial for blood transfusion and blood donation. The conventional method uses blood slides, pricking needles, and blood typing kit, and takes about 15 minutes for deciding the blood group. However, in case of emergency, it is time-consuming to determine blood type using the conventional method of reagents. At blood donation camps, it is a tedious job to determine the blood group of every donor using the blood typing kit. Pricking needles and slides used can also cause infection to the person performing these tests. The main motive is to replace this tedious and time-consuming method with a non-invasive accurate and reagent free method, using an optimum wavelength light source, photo-detectors, and controller unit for decision making of blood type from output mapping or intensity matching of the scattered and transmitted wavelength from the source to detector.

Bio-Synthesis and Characterization of CS–Ag Nano Hydrogel for Antibacterial Application

An environmental technique of herbal mediated blend of Ag nanoparticles is a substantial stage in the ground of nanotechnology. Chitosan (CS) is a polymer which is biocompatible and antibacterial. In this work, we have synthesized CS–Ag Nano hydrogel which is form with chitosan-based hydrogel merged in the herbal synthesized Ag nanoparticles. These green synthesized Ag-nanoparticles made from Polygonum bistorta plant leaves and described with the assistance of UV-vis spectrophotometer, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). In this work our main focus to synthesized CS–Ag Nano hydrogel. These hydrogel was described by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method, X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, and contact angle. Nanoparticle size distribution was within 1 to 100 nm by DLS and the optimum wavelength was noted in 400 to 450 nm by UV-vis spectroscopic readings. A good antibacterial behavior has been displayed by these synthesized CS–Ag Nano hydrogel films against both E. coli (gram –ve) and S. aureus (gram +ve) with the maximum 7 mm inhibition zone.