Etude du comportement de neuf cultivars de tomates (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) dans différentes zones agro-écologiques du Burkina Faso pendant l’hivernage.

Etude du comportement de neuf cultivars de tomates (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) dans différentes zones agro-écologiques du Burkina Faso pendant l’hivernage. Ali GARANE1*, Koussao SOME1, Jeanne NiKIEMA1, Mamoudou TRAORE2 et Mahamadou SAWADOGO3 1* Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA/CREAF-Kamboinse), Département Production Végétale/Programme Cultures Maraîchères, Fruitières, Plantes à Tubercules, 01 BP 470 Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. 2Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA/CREAF-Kamboinsè), Département Gestion des Ressources Naturelles/Système de Production, 03 BP 470 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. 3Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO/Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Science de la Vie et de la Terre (UO/UFR-SVT), Laboratoire de Génétique et Biotechnologie Végétale, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. * Correspondance, courriel: [email protected] Mots clés: Tomate, performance, hivernage, maladies, Burkina Faso. Key words: Tomato, wintering, performance, diseases, Burkina Faso. Publication date 30/06/2019 http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS 1. RESUME Objectif: Au cours de la saison hivernale 2014-2015, une étude portant sur neuf cultivars améliorés de tomate a été réalisée dans 5 zones agro-écologiques (Kamboinsè, Loumbila, Komgoussi, Yako et Salgo) du Burkina Faso. Les observations et mesures ont porté sur la sensibilité au flétrissement bactérien, le rendement et ces composants essentiels afin de déterminer les cultivars les mieux adaptés aux conditions de culture d’hivernage dans les zones de l’étude. Méthodologie et résultats: Le dispositif expérimental est un bloc complet de Fisher randomisé de 4 répétitions avec des traitements constitués des variétés V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 , V6, V7, V8 et V9. Les plants ont été repiqués en ligne simple en parcelles élémentaires de 37,5 m2. Les écartements sont de 0,75 m sur 0,40 m, soit une densité de 33333 pieds/ha. Les variables suivantes de productivité ont été supérieures à Yako pour la densité chez les cultivars Thorgal, Gempride, Jaguard, Mongal, Nadira respectives de 67,75; 71,75; 80,12; 99,5 et 108,75 plants/37,5 m². A Salgo pour le poids moyen du fruit chez Jaguard (56,06 g) Mongal (55,63g), FBT5 (51,1 g) et Thorgal (48,8 g) et à Kongoussi pour Gempride (55,63 g). Les cultivars Rs et Nadira ont observé des rendements meilleurs à Yako respectifs de 28,72 et 28,73 t/ha. A Salgo, les hybrides Gempride, Mongal, FBT5, Jaguard et Thorgal ont été plus performant avec respectivement 21,65; 20,3; 20,0; 17,46 et 15,14 t/ha. Conclusion et application des résultats: Selon la moyenne des rendements, les meilleurs sites ont été par ordres décroissant Yako (19,044 t/ha), Salgo (17,44), Kongoussi (7,06 t/ha), Loumbila (6,87 t/ha) et Kamboinsè (2,97 t/ha). Dans le même ordre, les meilleures variétés ont été Nadira, Rs, Gempride, Jaguar, Thorgal, Mongal, FBT5 avec respectivement 13,87, 10,79; 10,23; 9,66; 8,23 et 7,08 t/ha. Si nous couplons à cela la tolérance aux flétrissements, Jaguar, Nadira et Gempride demeurent les meilleures variétés suivies de Mongal et FBT5. Les résultats obtenus sur les 5 sites ont montré une variabilité importante. Ce qui est peut-être du à la maitrise des techniques de production qui n’ont pas été homogènes d’un site à un autre et à la particularité de chaque variété. Pour améliorer la performance de ces variétés, il paraît indiqué de poursuivre les recherches dans une approche agronomique visant la maîtrise de l’eau d’irrigation, une gestion intégrée des ravageurs et maladies pendant le cycle cultural.

Effect of natural light on surface temperature and lycopene content of vine ripened tomato fruit

Indeterminate round type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown on a supporting trellace system in the field was used to determine the correlation between light exposure and the surface temperature and lycopene content of tomato fruit. The positive correlation between solar radiation and surface temperature was stronger (R2 = 0.87) on non-shaded (NS) than on shaded (SF) (R2 >= 0.79) tomato fruits. There was strong negative correlation (R2 = 0.95) between surface temperature and lycopene content of tomato fruits. Increasing solar radiation and temperature explained the lower content of lycopene content and therefore the loss of nutritional quality of the non-shaded tomato fruits. Key words: Tomato, fruit surface temperature, lycopene

Comparison of Eco-Mse and Pst-Mse Primer Combinations in Generating AFLP Map of Tomato

An experiment was conducted at Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Unifarm, Haarweg, Wageningen, The Netherlands in 2000 to compare Eco-Mse and Pst-Mse primer combinations to generate AFLP markers of tomato. Back cross first (BC1) population ofLycopersicon esculentum cv money maker and Lycopersicon pennellii LA716 was used. Six primer combinations (three of Eco-Mse and three of Pst-Mse) were used. A total of 122 AFLP markers were found generating 76 markers by Eco-Mse primer combination and 46 markers by Pst-Mse primer combination. The average number of informative markers per primer combination was 20.33 ranging from 11 (P11M50) to 36 (E35M48). Similarly the average number of informative markers per chromosome was 10.16 ranging from 4 (chromosome number 8) to 16 (chromosome number 1). Within Eco-Mse primer combinations, E32M50 generated the least (18) and E35M48 generated the highest (36) AFLP markers. Similarly, within Pst-Mse primer combination, P14M50 generated the highest (20) and P11M50 generated the least (11) AFLP markers. The Eco-Mse primer combination generated the highest number of marker (12) in chromosome 9 and the lowest (2) in chromosome number 8. Similarly, the Pst-Mse primer combination generated the highest number of markers (9) in chromosome number 1 and the lowest (2) in chromosome number 3, 8, 11 and 12. The AFLP map spanned 843 cM. The longest AFLP map was found in chromosome 1 and spanned 98 cM and the shortest in chromosome 8 and spanned 46 cM. Key words: Tomato, Back cross, Primer combination, AFLP map J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 26:27-35 (2005)

Cost of crop losses in processing tomato and cabbage in southwestern Ontario due to insects, weeds and/or diseases

The relative importance of insects, weeds and diseases to yield losses in processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) was measured by comparing yields in the presence and absence of appropriate control programs. In the absence of any pest control, average crop losses exceeded 80% in both crops. Average yield losses due to weeds alone approached 80% in processing tomato and 60% in cabbage. Insects alone did not significantly reduce yield of processing tomato in either year. In the absence of insect control, significant yield loss in cabbage approached 50% in only one year. When diseases were not controlled, yield of processing tomato declined significantly by nearly 30% in one trial. Failure to control disease had no significant impact on cabbage yield in this study. Monetary losses and costs of each management program were calculated. Key words: Tomato, cabbage, yield loss, insects, weeds, diseases

Genome flux in tomato cell clones cultured in vitro in different physiological equilibria. II. A RAPD analysis of variability

An analysis of the effect of changing physiological conditions on genome evolution in tomato cell populations has been carried out on long-term in vitro cultured clones grown on different auxin–cytokinin equilibria or selected for low–high competence for active defense against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. RAPD analysis, confirmed through pattern rehybridization, was used as a random tool to measure the genetic variability. Through the use of a modified ANOVA, variation was shown to depend on both the initial genotype and the physiological conditions. Pattern correlation analysis through a mutual information algorithm suggested the fixation of RAPD patterns specific to physiological equilibria. The results are discussed in view of the possible relevance for evolution at hierarchical levels higher than cell populations. Key words : tomato clones, somaclonal variation, RAPD, coadaptation.

DNA content of heterochromatin and euchromatin in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) pachytene chromosomes

Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) has a small genome (2C = 1.90 pg of DNA) packaged in 2n = 2x = 24 small acrocentric to metacentric chromosomes. Like the chromosomes of other members of the family Solanaceae, tomato chromosomes have pericentromeric heterochromatin. To determine the fraction of the tomato genome found in euchromatin versus heterochromatin, we stained pachytene chromosomes from primary microsporocytes with Feulgen and analyzed them by densitometry and image analysis. In association with previously published synaptonemal complex karyotype data for tomato, our results indicate that 77% of the tomato microsporocyte genome is located in heterochromatin and 23% is found in euchromatin. If heterochromatin is assumed to contain few active genes, then the functional genes of the tomato must be concentrated in an effective genome of only 0.22 pg of DNA (1C = 0.95 pg × 0.23 = 0.22 pg). The physical segregation of euchromatin and heterochromatin in tomato chromosomes coupled with the small effective genome size suggests that tomato may be a more useful subject for chromosome walking and gene mapping studies than would be predicted based on its genome size alone. Key words : tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, genome size, heterochromatin, euchromatin, pachytene chromosomes, synaptonemal complex.

Rate of fruit development, leaf growth, and earliness in determinate tomatoes

The component subperiods of reproductive development as well as rate of leaf growth were determined for three trusses in eight determinate tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill) genotypes in an attempt to identify effective selection criteria for improving earliness. Days from transplanting to anthesis and first red fruit to the first truss correlated well with days to plant maturity (r = 0.58 and r = 0.63 respectively; P < 0.01). These correlations were stronger for full season genotypes (r = 0.53 to r = 0.69) than for early maturing genotypes (r < 0.41). Plant maturity was correlated moderately better with these periods in the later trusses than in the first truss. Leaf growth parameters were not correlated significantly with either earliness or fruit yield. Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, earliness

Influence du mode d'utilisation de l'éclairage d'appoint sur la productivité et la physiologie de la tomate de serre

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum 'Vedettos') were submitted to 10 light treatments obtained by modifying the supplemental photosynthetic photon flux (FPP) (0, 100, 150 μmol m−2 s−1), the photoperiod (natural, 14 h, 17 h, 20 h, 24 h) and the light distribution mode (one or two dark periods). Supplemental light was supplied by high-pressure vapor sodium lamps (HPS). Our results showed that supplemental lighting at a level of 150 μmol m−2 s−1 (PAR) helped to maintain a weekly yield of over 1 kg m−2 during November, December and January. Prolongation of the photoperiod over 14 h did not increase the yield. Plants exposed to continuous lighting were damaged even if they had been previously exposed to long photoperiods (17 and 20 h). For photoperiods of 17 and 20 h, lighting during the night which generated two dark periods per day damaged the plants and reduced the yields. Key words: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), greenhouse, supplemental lighting, continuous lighting, yield, physiological disorders

DISAPPEARANCE OF CAPTAN FROM FIELD- AND GREENHOUSE-GROWN TOMATO FRUIT IN RELATIONSHIP TO TIME OF HARVEST AND AMOUNT OF RAINFALL

Between 1982 and 1984 studies were conducted into captan disappearance from the fruit of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Captan was applied to field-grown tomatoes at 1.8 kg ha−1 a.i. in August 1982 and 1983, and to greenhouse tomatoes at 1.9 kg ha−1 in May 1983 and 1984. Initial residues in both cases were below 1.5 mg kg−1. Significant declines in residue occurred by day 2 (1983) or day 3 (1982) for field-grown tomatoes and residues were below 0.1 mg kg−1 by day 14 (1982) or day 15 (1983). The decline in field tomatoes was correlated with rainfall. With greenhouse tomatoes the residue did not significantly decline by day 15 in 1983 and significantly increased by day 15 in 1984.Key words: Tomato (field and greenhouse), Lycopersicon esculentum L., captan, residue decline

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM RATE AND PLACEMENT ON TOMATO FRUIT YIELD AND SIZE

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Cabot’) was grown in Atlantic Canada on two soil types that contained either "high" (350–500 kg ha−1) or "low" (85–150 kg ha−1) soil P (Bray no 2). Application of water by trickle irrigation increased total (ripe + green fruit) marketable yields in 3 of 4 yr. Since there were no irrigation versus NPK fertilizer treatment interactions, all treatments were irrigated in subsequent experiments. On the "high" P soil, maximum yield was attained with side-banding P at 8.7 kg ha−1 at transplanting with preplant broadcast N and K. At the same broadcast N and K rates, it required 35 kg ha−1 of broadcast P to achieve the same yield. Similarly, on the "low" P soil with the same rates of N and K broadcast, banding P at rates up to 17.5 kg ha−1 was approximately four times as efficient as either banding or broadcasting all three nutrients in terms of increasing yield. Maximum ripe and total fruit yields, respectively, for the all-banded and all-broadcast methods (80 kg N, 70 kg P and 66 kg K ha−1) were 24 and 17% less than attained when P was banded at 35 kg ha−1 with the same rates of broadcast N and K. Doubling the N and K rates with P increased to 70 kg ha−1 further increased yields by 28% for the P-banded plus N and K broadcast method. However, these high N and K rates seriously depressed yields for the all-banded application. Banding P with broadcast N and K also produced larger fruit than either of the other two application methods. Results clearly demonstrated the yield advantage of irrigation and the superiority of side-banding P with broadcast N and K over banding or broadcasting all three nutrients for maximizing yields and fertilizer-use efficiency for tomato production in the Atlantic Region of Canada. Key words: Tomato, broadcast, banding, phosphorus efficiency, irrigation