Stability of Extemporaneously Compounded Suspensions of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole in Amber Plastic Bottles and Amber Plastic Syringes

Background: Trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) are widely used, in combination, to treat or prevent various infections. Unfortunately, no liquid oral formulation is currently available in Canada for patients who are unable to swallow tablets. Objective: To evaluate the stability of suspensions of TMP and SMX (8 and 40 mg/mL, respectively) prepared in Oral Mix or Oral Mix SF vehicle (Medisca Pharmaceutique Inc) and stored for up to 90 days in amber plastic bottles or amber plastic syringes at 5°C or 25°C. Methods: Suspensions were prepared from bulk powder and from tablets in Oral Mix and Oral Mix SF vehicles, then transferred to amber plastic (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) bottles and plastic oral syringes and stored at 5°C and 25°C. Samples were collected on predetermined study days (0, 7, 14, 23, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days) and analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography – ultraviolet detection method. A suspension was considered stable if it maintained at least 90% of its initial concentration with 95% confidence. Observations of organoleptic characteristics such as colour and odour, as well as pH, were used to assess physical stability. Results: Suspensions prepared from bulk powder maintained concentrations of TMP and SMX of at least 97% of the initial concentration over the 90-day study period. No obvious changes in colour, odour, or pH were observed. However, acceptable suspensions could not be prepared from the commercial tablets. A persistent foam that developed at the surface of all suspensions prepared from tablets could result in inconsistent dosing. Conclusions: Extemporaneously compounded oral suspensions of TMP and SMX (8 and 40 mg/mL, respectively) prepared from bulk powder in Oral Mix and Oral Mix SF vehicles and stored in amber plastic bottles or syringes at 5°C or 25°C remained stable for at least 90 days. Suspensions made from tablets produced unacceptable formulations. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Le triméthoprime (TMP) et le sulfaméthoxazole (SMX) sont largement utilisés conjointement pour traiter ou prévenir diverses infections. Malheureusement, aucune formulation liquide orale n’est actuellement disponible au Canada pour les patients incapables d’avaler des comprimés. Objectif : Évaluer la stabilité des suspensions de TMP et de SMX (respectivement 8 et 40 mg/mL) préparées dans un véhicule Oral Mix ou Oral Mix SF (Medisca Pharmaceutique Inc.) et stockées pendant 90 jours dans des flacons ou des seringues en plastique ambré à 5 °C ou 25 °C. Méthodes : Les suspensions ont été préparées à partir de poudre en vrac et de comprimés dans les véhicules Oral Mix et Oral Mix SF, puis transférées dans des flacons en plastique ambré (polyéthylène téréphtalate glycol) et dans des seringues orales en plastique et stockées à 5 °C et 25 °C. Des échantillons ont été recueillis à des jours prédéterminés (0, 7, 14, 23, 45, 60, 75 et 90 jours) et analysés à l’aide d’une méthode de détection par ultraviolet validée de chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance. La suspension était jugée stable si elle préservait au moins 90 % de sa concentration initiale avec un seuil de confiance de 95 %. Les observations des caractéristiques organoleptiques, comme la couleur et l’odeur, ainsi que le pH, ont été faites pour évaluer la stabilité physique. Résultats : Les suspensions préparées à partir de poudre en vrac préservaient au moins 97 % de la concentration initiale de TMP et de SMX pendant la période d’étude de 90 jours. Aucun changement manifeste de couleur, d’odeur ou de pH n’a été observé. Cependant, les suspensions acceptables n’ont pas pu être préparées à partir des comprimés commerciaux. Une mousse homogène se formait à la surface de ces suspensions, ce qui pourrait entraîner un dosage incohérent. Conclusions : Les suspensions orales composées extemporanées de TMP et SMX (respectivement 8 et 40 mg/mL) préparées à partir de poudre en vrac dans des véhicules Oral Mix et Oral Mix SF et stockées dans des flacons ou des seringues en plastique ambré à 5 °C ou 25°C sont restées stables pendant au moins 90 jours. Les suspensions préparées à partir de comprimés ont donné des formulations inacceptables.

LIMBAH PLASTIK POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTALATE (PET) SEBAGAI SUBSTITUSI AGREGAT KASAR PADA CAMPURAN BETON RINGAN

Pengolahan limbah plastik menjadi agregat kasar alternatif sebagai bahan campuran beton menjadi salah satu solusi di bidang ketekniksipilan dalam upaya meminimalisir semakin banyaknya limbah plastik. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis plastik adalah Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET) yang biasa ditemukan pada botol air mineral. Variasi penambahan agregat plastik (AP) terhadap agregat alam (AA) adalah 1) AP = 0% dan AA = 100%, 2) AP = 50% dan AA = 50%, 3) AP = 75% dan AA = 25%, dan 4) AP = 100% dan AA = 0%. Variasi gradasi agregat dilakukan 1) #19 mm = 10%, #9,5 mm = 40%, dan #4,75 mm = 50%, 2) #19 mm = 10%, #9,5 mm = 35 %, dan #4,75 mm = 55%, dan 3) #19 mm = 5%, #9,5 mm = 45%, dan #4,75 mm = 50%. Berdasarkan hasil uji kuat tekan dan berat isi beton ringan yang menghasilkan campuran terbaik adalah variasi campuran AP=75% dan AA = 25% dan gradasi campuran #19 mm = 10%, #9,5 mm = 35 %, dan #4,75 mm = 55%. Kuat tekan sebesar 11,1 MPa dan berat isi sebesar 1687,9 kg/m3. Benda uji memenuhi persyaratan berat isi tetapi tidak memenuhi standar kuat tekan untuk beton ringan struktural. Sedangkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Supratikno dan Ratnanik (2019) dengan menggunakan material yang sama menghasilkan nilai kuat tekan sebesar 10,14 Mpa dan berat isi sebesar 2260 Kg/m3. Data kuat tekan dan berat isi mengindikasikan pada penelitian ini terjadi peningkatan kualitas benda uji yang dihasilkan terhadap penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan Supratikno dan Ratnanik (2019).

A Possibility of Using Ion-Track Matrices based on Polyesters to Create Artificial Connective Tissue

Abstract-The cultivation of Chinese hamster fibroblasts (line V79) on ion-track membranes of various polyesters has been tested. Light and electron microscopy were used to take photographs of polyester membranes with fibroblasts grown on them, which indicated the attachment and proliferation of cells on ion-track adhesive surfaces. The greatest survival of fibroblasts was observed on ion-track membranes with a pore diameter of up to 0.5 μ. It was shown that the chemical composition of the track membrane affects the survival and proliferation rate of Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Polyethylene terephtalate and polyethylene naphtalate membranes provided the highest percentage of grown colonies and the greatest proliferation rate of cells. Track-etched polyester membranes can be used to create adhesive surfaces for the cultivation of fibroblasts and the production of artificial connective tissue. Key words: ion-track membranes and technologies, tissue engineering, fibroblasts, burn therapy

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ABOUT THE AMOUNT OF MICROPLASTIC IN POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTALATE (PET) DRINKING WATER THAT WAS EXPOSED AND NOT EXPOSED BY SUN AT ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LABORATORY OF POLTEKKES KEMENKES SEMARANG AT THE YEAR 2020

The majority of bottled water industry uses polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles as their packaging. When exposed to direct sunlight, this type of packaging is able to cause new compounds in water. Research at the State University of New York states showed that from 259 bottled water in 9 countries, 242 of them contained microplastics. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are differences in the amount of microplastic in bottled PET containers that are exposed and not exposed to sunlight. This type of research is pre-experimental using the static group comparison design. There are 2 treatment groups: PET bottled water that is exposed and not exposed to sunlight. The results showed that there were microplastics in PET bottled water exposed and not exposed to sunlight. Samples of bottled PET which exposed to sunlight have microplastic’s number of 175 particles/ liter. Whereas bottled water that was not exposed to sunlight has microplastic’s number of 132,25 particles/ liter. Independent t-test showed that the Sig (2-tailed) value was 0,023. This value less than = 0,05. So, we can say that there were differences between both of them. The conclusion of the study was that there were differences in the number of microplastics between PET bottled water exposed and not exposed to sunlight. As a form of vigilance, the public is advised to deliver PET bottled water from direct sunlight both for distribution and other type utilization of PET bottles for other purposes such as disinfection of water using sunlight (SODIS).

Design of a Flexible PET Based Yagi Dipole Antenna

In the proposed paper, a flexible Yagi Dipole Antenna based on PET Substrate is designed for the RF system-on-package (RF SOP) applications. RF antenna as a smart sensor is designed on a Flexible substrate Polyethylene Terephtalate (PET). It is the more popular and universally accepted thermoplastic polymer belonging to the family of the polyester. It is generally employed in textiles, thermoforming packaging along with glass fibers. In the proposed design Coplanar Strip line (CPS) is used as a feeder and the RF antenna is a Yagi dipole Antenna with a single driven element i.e. director, and a single reflecting element i.e. reflector. It is a linearly polarized antenna which means it radiates in a single direction. The antenna is designed at a resonating frequency of 5 GHz with a return loss of -23 dB. Simulations of the flexible PET based Yagi Dipole Antenna is carried out by using CST Studio Suite software for Return loss, Radiation plot with varied curvatures. The results for designed flexible Yagi Dipole Antenna imprinted with a PET substrate for portable wireless electronics are analyzed.

Green Construction Material: Polyethylene Waste Reinforce Concrete for Panel Application

Plastic Composite Panel (PCP) is an innovation in the field of materials that uses recycling plastic waste to construct composite cement panels. This material innovation is one of the solutionto answer environmental problems caused by plastic waste. Some previous studies mostly used plastic waste for concrete aggregates. Thus, making this study different from previous studies. The purpose of this study is to make a prototype of a PCP that is environmentally friendly with panel dimensions sample of 100 x 30 x 10 mm thick. The method used is an experimental test using materials in the form of polyethylene terephtalate (PET) from used water bottle and cement waste as well as testing its physical and mechanical properties carried out in the laboratory. Variations in PET used for testing materials are 0- 20%. In addition to mechanical properties, specific gravity and porosity test is carried out. The best results shows that 5% PET addition to cement paste increase the flexutral strength to 4.47 MPa compared to control sample which has 3.26 MPa. Porosity test shows that addition of 10% PET reduce the density of PCP to 63.64% compared to control sample that has 44.44%.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Sampah Plastik Menjadi Bata Beton

Sampah juga merupakan masalah besar bagi negara Indonesia saat ini karena belum mendapatkan penyelesaian yang baik, sehingga meningkatkan jumlah timbunan sampah ditempat pembuangan. Sampah juga menjadi masalah yang kompleks dan susah ditanggulangi, termasuk sampah plastik. Plastik mulai digunakan sekitar 50 tahun lalu hingga kini diperkirakan adalah lebih 500 juta sampai 1 milyar kantong plastik digunakan penduduk dunia setiap tahunnya. Sampah plastik merupakan sampah dengan jumlah paling banyak dan memiliki sifat biodegradability (sulit terurai oleh alam). Dari berbagai macam jenis plastik, plastik yang paling banyak dibuang ke lingkungan adalah jenis polyethylene dan juga PET (polyethylene Terephtalate) yang biasanya dalam bentuk kantong plastic dan botol plastik. Penelitian terdahulu menyatakan plastik dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi material kontruksi dan jalan seperti aspal dan beton. Pada penelitian ini, peneliti melakukan penelitian kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil nilai keseluruhan untuk penelitian di atas yaitu umur 28 hari yang mana nilai tertinggi adalah pada perlakukan jenis Pasir, LDPE dan PET konsentrasi 20%,20%, 60% dengan nilai 404 kg/cm2 (mutu A), sedangan nilai penelitian yang terendah adalah jenis PET konsentrasi 100% dengan nilai 161 kg/cm2 (mutu C). Dari hasil penelitian dapat dikatakan hampir semua perlakuan bisa memenuhi standar SNI untuk komposisi kuat tekan. Penelitian ini tidak melakukan uji penyerapan air dan uji density karena dalam proses pengerjaannya tidak menggunakan bahan air untuk campuran bahan paving blok/bata beton. Tetapi dalam perlakuan untuk sampel penelitian 7, 14, 21, dan 28 hari dilakukan proses perendaman namun hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah nilai tetap dari nilai hasil awalnya sehingga tidak dilakukan perhitungan uji penyerapan air.

Pengaruh jenis plastik kemasan terhadap sifat kimia, mikrobiologi dan sensoris selama masa simpan kue kacang produksi beberapa UMKM di kota Samarinda dan Balikpapan

Pengemasan dilakukan untuk mempertahankan mutu dan kualitas produk yang disimpan serta untuk memperpanjang umur simpannya karena dapat melindungi kerusakan seperti penyerapan air dan proses oksidasi yang menyebabkan ketengikan. Pada penelitian ini dilaporkan tentang pengaruh jenis plastik kemasan (Polypropylane, Polyethylene terephtalate, dan Polystyrene) terhadap masa simpan kue kacang. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga ulangan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi dengan sampel berasal dari beberapa UMKM di Samarinda dan Balikpapan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis kemasan berpengaruh nyata (p<0,05) terhadap kadar asam lemak bebas, bilangan peroksida dan kadar air kue kacang. Penyimpanan kue kacang selama tiga bulan menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak nyata untuk angka lempeng total (p>0,05). Nilai TPC kue kacang dengan semua kemasan melewati batas maksimal SNI 2973:2011 (1x104 koloni/g) sejak penyimpanan hari ke-14. Jenis kemasan memberikan pengaruh nyata (p<0,05) terhadap karakteristik hedonik seperti warna, rasa, aroma, dan tekstur, juga pada mutu hedonik. Lama penyimpanan menyebabkan penurunan respons penerimaan kue kacang yang dikemas dengan keempat jenis plastik tersebut.