The study of rheological and physical dough properties of the winter wheat varieties

There have been represented the study results of flour quality of the winter bread wheat varieties of semi-intensive type of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The purpose of the current study was to estimate variability of the values of indicators that characterize physical and rheological dough properties, to identify the correlation between them, and to isolate genetic sources. The objects of study were 20 winter bread wheat varieties. Field trials were carried out in 2017–2019 in the fields of the department of winter wheat breeding and seed production, the forecrop was maize for grain. The variety ‘Don 107’ was used as a standard. The quality of grain and flour of the winter bread wheat varieties was assessed in the laboratory for biochemical estimation of breeding material and seed quality. There have been identified the varieties ‘Asket’ (26.9%), ‘Podarok Krymu’ (26.2%), ‘Zolotoy Kolos’ (25.5%) and ‘Izyuminka’ (25.5%) with the maximum gluten content in grain. It was determined that the trait ‘gluten deformation index’ varied from 62 u.v. to 77 u.v., all varieties corresponded to the 1st quality class. There have been identified the genotypes ‘Volny Don’, ‘Don 93’, ‘Premiera’, ‘Podarok Krymu’, ‘Ambar’, ‘Donskoy Surpriz’ and ‘Izyuminka’ with low values of the variation coefficient of the trait. There have been identified the varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (6.7%), ‘Zhavoronok’ (6.8%) and ‘Asket’ (8.2%) with low values of the variation coefficient of the trait ‘specific work of dough deformation’. There have been identified the varieties ‘Don 93’, ‘Izyuminka’ and ‘Podarok Krymu’, which according to P/L corresponded to the class of strong wheat. It was found that the varieties ‘Zolotoy Kolos’ and ‘Volnitsa’ corresponded to the class of strong wheat according to the valorimetric assessment. Correlation analysis showed that the rheological dough properties were significantly influenced by gluten content in grain. There has been estimated the quantitative manifestation and variability of the traits, which characterize the rheological and physical dough properties. There have been identified the varieties with the smallest varietal variation of traits, which are recommended to use in the breeding process as sources of useful traits and properties. The selection according to the traits ‘delute of dough’ and ‘valorimetric assessment’ allow developing and introducing into production genotypes with good baking properties.

Estimation of the gene pool of the CIMMYT collection winter bread wheat on presence of the Lr 34 gene

Nowadays in Russia and in the world, the problem of improving food security is becoming more and more urgent. One of the main crops grown worldwide is winter bread wheat. Varieties resistant to main leaf diseases can produce large grain yields. Thus, the study and identification of resistance genes are of great importance. The purpose of the current work was to estimate the gene pool of winter bread wheat from the CIMMYT collection (Mexico) according to the age brown rust Lr 34 resistance gene. In the study of collection samples, there have been used such methods as DNA extraction using CTAB, PCR, electrophoresis on agarose gels. As a result of the study, there has been identified a presence of a functional allele of the Lr 34 gene in 146 winter bread wheat samples out of 411 studied ones (sets 20th IWWYT-SA, 21th IWWYT-IRR, 25th FAWWON-IRR, 25th FAWWON-SA). There have been identified three samples with a heterozygous allelic state of the Lr 34 gene. There have been identified 232 samples with the non-functional Lr 34 gene allele. 30 winter bread wheat samples had no amplification of DNA fragments with the molecular marker csLV34, which means a significant microsatellite sequence variability for which the molecular marker was developed in their genotype. 121 out of 146 winter bread wheat samples with the functional brown rust Lr 34 resistance gene showed resistance in field conditions and in the infectious plots. The rest 25 samples with the Lr 34 gene belonged to the group of moderately resistant ones in the infectious plots. The identified 121 CIMMYT collection winter bread wheat varieties, with the Lr 34 gene possessing a resistant type of pathogen damage response (for example, 9919, 9921, 9928, 9809, 9811, 9812, 23, 24, 30, 262, 265, 266, etc.) have been recommended for use in leaf rust resistance pyramiding in future breeding programs.

Development of haploids in the winter bread wheat anthers

In the modern world, the use of isolated anther cultivation technology is currently an integral part of the wheat breeding process. The development of haploids in the winter bread wheat anthers will allow obtaining new forms of wheat in the shortest possible time and without large areas. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the F3 winter bread wheat hybrids according to the anthers’ sensitivity to androgenesis and plant regeneration in vitro and to identify the factors affecting the yield of haploid production. There has been studied the ability to androgenesis in vitro in the anthers of four winter bread wheat hybrids of intensive and semi-intensive type of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. There has been assessed the role of the mineral composition of three induction nutrient media N6, W14 and NPB-99. There has been established a correlation between the main stages of development of haploids and a genotype. The highest regeneration rate of green plants was obtained in the sample F3 623 of intensive type (3.3%). The most suitable medium for androgenesis of the winter bread wheat anthers in vitro is NPB-99. Since the genotype F3 623 of intensive type demonstrated high values of haploid production capacity, it could be successfully used in breeding programs for the rapid production of homozygous wheat anther lines in vitro. Using two-way analysis of variance, there has been identified a correlation between the effects of a genotype, nutrient medium and their interaction with the main parameters of haploid formation in winter wheat. The formation of embryogenic structures is mainly associated with the effect of a genotype (46.52%). The proportion of the nutrient composition of the medium was low (1.82%), and the correlation factor was 2.1%. The genotype had the greatest effect on the indicator of the regenerants’ number. The nutrient medium had little effect. Regarding the regeneration of green plants, which is the main indicator of the haploid production, the share of a genotype effect was the largest (47.32%). The contribution of the medium and the correlation of factors were less important, but statistically significant.

Features of the winter bread wheat varieties of unified type developed by the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”

The current paper has presented the characteristics of the new winter bread wheat varieties of unified type developed by the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. Winter wheat is the most valuable grain food crop grown in vast areas. Breeding plays an important role in increasing production volume and improving grain quality as the basis of the country’s food fund. Expanding grain crops area, among which wheat predominates, there is a problem of crop rotation. Therefore, the development of unified varieties capable of producing stable high grain yields after various forecrops is one of the most urgent areas of breeding work for winter bread wheat. The purpose of the current study was to characterize the new winter bread wheat varieties of unified type developed by the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” according to the main economically valuable traits. Due to the intensive breeding work over the past decade, on the basis of some of the best zoned varieties ‘Ermak’, ‘Stanichnaya’, ‘Donskoy syurpriz’ there was developed a number of new promising genotypes, which are already being used in production sowings of winter wheat in the Rostov region and other regions of our country. The new winter bread wheat varieties of unified type ‘Lydia’, ‘Kapitan’, ‘Lilit’, ‘Krasa Dona’, ‘Volnitsa’, ‘Volny Don’, ‘Zhavoronok’ and ‘Polina’ are more productive than their parental forms. In combination with grain of high quality, resistance to bio and abiotic environmental factors, they are very valuable, beneficial for cultivation and improvement of the production of commercial wheat grain of high quality.

Formation features of the parameters of the model winter bread wheat variety of intensive type for the conditions of the Rostov region

Breeding success is determined by the correct choice of agro-ecotype. In this regard, we have carried out a comprehensive estimation of 75 winter bread wheat varieties and samples of the competitive trials. The variety ‘Ermak’ was used as a standard. The study was carried out using the material and technical base of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”) in 2017–2019. The purpose was to study the correlation among economically valuable traits of winter bread wheat varieties and samples and to find genotypes similar in their parameters to the model variety based on curvilinear regressions. As a result of the phenotypic estimation of the quantitative traits of winter bread wheat varieties and samples, there was determined an average level and their variability degree. Their productivity ranged from 8.52 to 10.51 t/ha. Through the years of study, the variation coefficients indicated a high stability of these features (from 0.9 to 10.0%). In order to identify the similarities and differences between varieties and samples, there has been conducted a cluster analysis. As a result of this analysis, there has been selected the winter bread wheat variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ (C25), parameters which were more identical to the model (C76). This variety is recommended for further breeding process to improve the studied basic economic traits.

Leaf surface index as an indicator of moisture responsiveness and drought resistance of winter bread wheat samples

The growth and productivity of drought-prone varieties are strongly influenced by the chlorophyll pigment content and the development of plants’ foliage. The current climate changing, characterized by long no-rain periods followed by short intense rainfalls, is forcing plants to adopt different strategies to cope with drought. The purpose of the current study is to estimate the effect of growing conditions on the indicators of the total leaf area, leaf surface index (LSI) of sowing, the concentration of chlorophylls (Chl) in the leaves and the yield of winter wheat, depending on the value of their moisture supply. There have been established that the leaf surface index change and the preservation of chlorophyll pigment in foliage during the vegetation period is closely related to plants’ drought resistance, soil moisture reserve and a genotype. Under conditions of insufficient moisture supply, the maximum values of the leaf surface index in the heading phase were formed by the varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (5.99 r.u) and ‘Etyud’ (2.49 r.u.). The highest content of chlorophyll pigment, both in the heading phase and in the flowering phase, was identified in the varieties ‘Krasa Dona’ (3.7; 3.0 mg/100 g of raw material), ‘Etyud’ (3.4; 3.2 mg/100 g of raw material) and ‘Volny Don’ (3.2; 3.0 mg/100 g of raw material), respectively. Acording to the value of productivity, the reliably standard variety ‘Don 107’ has exceeded the varieties ‘Etyud’, ‘Krasa Dona’, ‘Asket’, ‘Volny Don’.

Adaptive potential of winter bread wheat varieties according to grain quality in the Middle Volga region

The current study was carried out on the experimental plots of the Samarsky Research Institute of Agriculture in 2014–2020 in order to estimate the adaptive potential of the approved winter wheat varieties of the Samarsky RIA according to grain quality under varying weather conditions. Mass fraction of protein and gluten in grain, gluten quality, falling number were established according to GOST. The adaptive potential for all grain quality traits was evaluated according to A.A. Rossiell, J. Hamblin (1981), the factor of phenotypic stability of traits was determined according to D. Lewis (1954), the coefficient of traits’ variability was estimated according to B.A. Dospekhov (1979) in Microsoft Office Excel. Over the years the average mass fraction of protein in grain of the studied varieties was 15.7% (the variety ‘Malakhit’), 15.6% (‘Svetoch’,) 15.3% (‘Bezenchukskaya 380’), 14.1% (‘Biryuza’), 14.4% (‘Bazis’), 15,5% (‘Viyuga’) with 5.9; 5.4; 11.6; 6.7; 14.5; 10.9% of variability respectively. There have been identified the winter bread wheat varieties ‘Malakhit’, ‘Svetoch’, ‘Biryuza’ and ‘Viyuga’ with high phenotypic stability of the trait ‘mass fraction of protein in grain’ (SF = 1.2). The average (in 2014-2020) mass fraction of crude gluten in grain was 33.6% (‘Malakhit’), 33.2% (‘Svetoch’), 32.8% (‘Bezenchukskaya 380’), 30.5% (‘Biryuza’), 30.6% (‘Bazis’), 34.2% (‘Viyuga’) with 7.8; 8.6; 17.4; 15.2; 17.1; 15.0% of variability respectively. The phenotypic stability of the trait ‘mass fraction of crude gluten in grain’ of the varieties ‘Malakhit’ and ‘Svetoch’ was high (SF = 1.2 and 1.3, respectively). There have been identified the varieties ‘Malakhit’, ‘Svetoch’, ‘Bezenchukskaya 380’, ‘Biryuza’, ‘Bazis’, ‘Viyuga’ with high phenotypic stability of the trait ‘gluten quality’ (SF = 1.2; 1.3; 1.2; 1.1; 1.2; 1.2 respectively). The average (in 2014-2020) value of the trait ‘falling number’ of the varieties was 232c (‘Malakhit’), 240c (‘Svetoch’), 258c (‘Bezenchukskaya 380’), 349c (‘Biryuza’), 223c (‘Bazis’), 347c (‘Viyuga’) with 34.7; 42.6; 11.2; 21.6; 43.3, 24.8% of variability respectively. There have been identified phenotypically stable varieties according to the trait ‘falling number’, namely ‘Bezenchukskaya 380’ (SF = 1.3), ‘Viyuga’ (SF = 1.9). According to the maximum expressivity and phenotypic stability of the traits ‘grain quality’, ‘mass fraction of protein and gluten in grain’, ‘falling number’ there have been identified the winter bread wheat varieties ‘Bezenchukskaya 380’, ‘Biryuza’ and ‘Viyuga’.

The effect of moisture supply conditions on productivity of winter bread wheat, sown after various forecrops in the southern part of the Rostov region

Weather and climatic conditions determine moisture supply, which is the main factor affecting winter wheat productivity in the area of unstable moisture. The current study was carried out on the experimental plot of the laboratory for cultivation technology of grain crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2010–2020. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary calcareous heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem). The humus horizon was powerful up to 140 cm. The humus content was 3.9%. The purpose of the study was to establish the moisture supply of winter bread wheat when cultivated according to various forecrops. There has been found that the autumn periods in the most years of study were arid with 37% of precipitation. Winter wheat plants from September to June were provided with 70% of precipitation, with a 1022.55 of air humidity deficit and 664.7 mm of water demand. There was found that, on average over the years of study, 88% of moisture supply promoted yielding of 7.03 t/ha of winter wheat sown in weedfree fallow. In order to yield a ton of grain there was required 591.7 m3 of total moisture. The share of precipitation in this moisture consumption was 84%, and the share of soil moisture was 16%. When sown after sunflower, moisture provision was 77%, and winter wheat yield was 5.32 t/ha. In order to yield a ton of grain there was required 657.3 m3 of total moisture, which was on 65.6 m3 more than in the variant with a weedfree fallow. The share of precipitation in this moisture consumption was 96%, and the share of soil moisture was 4%.

Complex resistance of spring and winter bread wheat lines to biotic and abiotic stresses

An original initial material of spring and winter bread wheat with group resistance to stem and leaf rust was developed using new donors of resistance to stem rust: winter soft wheat GT 96/90 (Bulgaria) and accession 119/4-06rw with genetic material of the species Triticum migushovae and (Aegilops speltoides and Secale cereale), respectively, a line of spring wheat 113/00i-4 obtained using the species Ae. triuncialis and T. kiharae, as well as spring accession 145/00i with genetic material of the species Ae. speltoides resistant to leaf rust. The transfer of effective Sr-genes to progeny was monitored using molecular markers. New lines underwent a field assessment of resistance to leaf and stem rust in the epiphytotic development of diseases in the Central Region of the Russian Federation, as well as in the North Caucasus and Western Siberia, and showed high resistance to these pathogens. Fourteen genotypes of spring wheat with group resistance to these diseases and parental forms that participated in the origin of the lines were evaluated for resistance to spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) and tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) using isolates from Kazakhstan and Omsk in laboratory conditions. A highly resistant parental form of winter soft wheat from “Arsenal” collection 119/4-06rw (wheat-Ae. speltoides-rye hybrid 2n = 42) with group resistance to two spots, four medium-resistant genotypes to both isolates of tan spot from Kazakhstan and Omsk populations of the pathogen, as well as genotypes resistant to the Omsk isolate of P. triticirepentis (parental form 113/00i-4 and lines 1-16i, 6-16i, 9-16i) were isolated. Among the lines of winter wheat, four were identified with group resistance to spot blotch and tan spot. Additionally, the stress resistance of the lines to NaCl salinization and prolonged flooding of seeds with water was evaluated at the early stages of ontogenesis in laboratory conditions. Lines 33-16i, 37-16i, 32-16i and 9-16i showed a high ability to withstand excess moisture. Lines 33-16i, 37-16i, 32-16i and 3-16i were characterized by high salt tolerance, exceeding the average of 49.7 %. Among the winter genotypes, lines were identified with increased resistance to hypoxia (37-19w, 32-19w, 16-19w, 90-19w) and with increased salt tolerance (20-19w, 9-19w, 37-19w, 90-19w), significantly exceeding the standard cv. Moskovskaya 39. The listed lines are of interest as sources of resistance to anaerobic and salt stress, as well as donors of resistance to a group of fungal diseases: leaf and stem rust and tan spot. We attribute the increased level of resistance of the new initial material to the presence of alien translocations in the original parental forms involved in the origin of the lines.

Identification of drought resistance of winter bread wheat varieties and lines by vegetation and laboratory methods

The article discusses the impact of severe drought on the growth and development of winter wheat plants. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020. As a starting material, we used 57 samples of winter soft wheat bred by ARC “Donskoy”. The studies were carried out under laboratory and vegetation methods. According to the analysis, it was revealed that the highest values of the index of complex resistance were shown by the samples: intensive type - 1630/17 (282.8 rel.units), 2078/16 (265.1 rel.units), 1990/17 (265, 0 rel.units); semi-intensive type -1727/17 (260.6 rel. units), 2243/17 (258.6 rel. units), 522/16 (252.8 rel. units). The maximum value of the degree of drought resistance of samples of the intensive type was noted for lines 2243/17 (92.4%), 1727/17 (84.9%), and 522/16 (82.6%). Among 36 samples of winter soft wheat of intensive type, high drought resistance was noted in 67% (24 samples) with germination from 71.6 (Univer) to 92.9% (1630/17). High values of heat resistance (I-81-100% of germination) out of 57 studied samples of winter wheat were noted in 56 genotypes, the indicators of which ranged from 85.1% (1181/16) to 98% (Zodiac, 1166/15, 1275/16). The highest grain yield under model drought conditions was noted for winter wheat varieties Zodiac (332.86 g/m2), Premiera (332.48 g/m2) and Podarok Krymu (317.50 g/m2), which is higher than the yield of the Ascet classifier (292.97 g/m2) by 8.0-13.7%..