Grounds for Criminalistic Classification of Crimes against Human Life and Health Committed by Convicts Serving Imprisonment Sentences in Places of Deprivation of Liberty

Introduction: the article considers grounds for criminalistic classification of crimes causing intentional injuries committed by convicts serving sentences in places of deprivation of liberty. Purpose: based on the analysis and generalization of theoretical and practical materials, an attempt is made to formulate the most characteristic grounds for the criminalistic classification of the analyzed criminal acts and reveal their contents. Methods: the dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of analysis and generalization, empirical methods of description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic are used in the research. Results: the article reveals in detail the content of general (territory, situation, community of correctional institutions; prevalence of informal norms of behavior in places of deprivation of liberty, which most convicts adhere to) and private grounds (specifics of personality traits of a criminal, victim and witnesses; specifics of behavior before and after crime commission) for classification of crimes that make up the group for which the investigation method will be worked out. Conclusions: based on the available research, which highlights the universal basis – the criminal legal object, it is concluded that there are two groups of grounds (general and special) for classification of crimes causing intentional harm to life and health committed by convicts serving imprisonment sentences.

Updates in Health Care of Adolescents: A Simple Review Article

The purpose of this study was to identify what topics adolescents would like to have discussed or addressed when visiting family physicians and to assess the extent to which such discussion is taking place. The main health issues in adolescents are; injuries as intentional injuries are the leading cause of death and disability among adolescents. Violence, mental health, alcohol and drug use, tobacco use, HIV/AIDS, other infectious diseases and early pregnancy and childbirth. There seems to be a need for more comprehensive health education in schools and for health professionals, particularly general practitioners, to opportunistically address these problems in their adolescent patients. Also parents should take their teens to their GP for treatment for these problems, hoped their doctor would be comfortable with such treatment, and wanted their doctor to discuss these problems with their teens.

Firearm Injuries in the Tribal Area of Pakistan. An Emerging Trend

Background: Due to multiple conflicts among the society many countries are facing rise in the firearm causalities. Whether it may be due to unstable government or economic crises it leads to huge financial burden to the country and ultimately to the family. Easy access to firearm weapons is one of the leading cause. Material and Methods: It is a cross sectional descriptive study, conducted in the tribal areas of Pakistan. The study was conducted on intentional firearm injury cases which reported to hospital during the period from January 2010 to December 2010 in District Hospital Timergara after informed consent, history was recorded and examination was done. Study was focused on age, sex, site of injury, parameters causing injury, the person involved in causing this injury and management provided. Results: A total of 200 cases were reported during this study period. The cases included in the study were 150 (75%), of intentional injuries, out of which 143 (95.3%) cases were of homicidal firearm injuries and 7 (4.6%) cases were suicidal in nature. Majority of the cases were reported during the month of May (20.29%) and June (17.48%) and lowest figure was observed in the December (2.14%). Conclusion: Study concludes that not believing in the judicial system of the community added with multiple other factors leads intentional firearm injuries which is a dominant cause of fatal injuries observed in the society. Law should be enforced strictly on the use of illegal firearm weapons, as reported in this study that in majority of the cases weapon used was illegal. Keywords: Firearm injuries, Tribal Areas, Pakistan, homicidal, Firearm weapons

Examining the relationship between food insecurity and causes of injury in Canadian adults and adolescents

Background Food insecurity, as an indicator of socioeconomic disadvantages and a determinant of health, may be associated with injury by increasing risk exposure and hampering risk mitigation. We examined the association between food insecurity and common causes of injury in the general population. Methods Linking the Canadian Community Health Survey 2005–2017 to National Ambulatory Care Reporting System 2003–2017, this retrospective cohort study estimated incidence of injury-related emergency department (ED) visits by food insecurity status among 212,300 individuals 12 years and above in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Alberta, adjusting for prior ED visits, lifestyle, and sociodemographic characteristics including income. Results Compared to those in food-secure households, individuals from moderately and severely food-insecure households had 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–1.25) and 1.35 (95% CI 1.24–1.48) times higher incidence rate of ED visits due to injury, respectively, after confounders adjustment. The association was observed across sex and age groups. Severe food insecurity was associated with intentional injuries (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] 1.81; 95% CI 1.29–2.53) including self-harm (aRR 1.87; 95% CI 1.03–3.40) and violence (aRR 1.79; 95% CI 1.19–2.67) as well as non-intentional injuries (aRR 1.34; 95% CI 1.22–1.46) including fall (aRR 1.43; 95% CI 1.24–1.65), medical complication (aRR 1.39; 95% CI 1.06–1.82), being struck by objects (aRR 1.43; 95% CI 1.07–1.91), overexertion (aRR 1.31; 95% CI 1.04–1.66), animal bite or sting (aRR 1.60; 95% CI 1.08–2.36), skin piercing (aRR 1.80; 95% CI 1.21–2.66), and poisoning (aRR 1.65; 95% CI 1.05–2.59). Moderate food insecurity was associated with more injuries from violence (aRR 1.56; 95% CI 1.09–2.21), falls (aRR 1.22; 95% CI 1.08–1.37), being struck (aRR 1.20; 95% CI 1.01–1.43), and overexertion (aRR 1.25; 95% CI 1.04–1.50). Moderate and severe food insecurity were associated with falls on stairs and being struck in non-sports settings but not with falls on same level or being struck during sports. Food insecurity was not related to transport injuries. Conclusions Health inequity by food insecurity status extends beyond diseases into differential risk of injury, warranting policy intervention. Researchers and policymakers need to address food insecurity as a social determinant of injury to improve health equity.

Conflict-related intentional injuries in Baghdad, Iraq, 2003–2014: A modeling study and proposed method for calculating burden of injury in conflict

Background Previous research has focused on the mortality associated with armed conflict as the primary measure of the population health effects of war. However, mortality only demonstrates part of the burden placed on a population by conflict. Injuries and resultant disabilities also have long-term effects on a population and are not accounted for in estimates that focus solely on mortality. Our aim was to demonstrate a new method to describe the effects of both lives lost, and years of disability generated by a given conflict, with data from the US-led 2003 invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq. Methods and findings Our data come from interviews conducted in 2014 in 900 Baghdad households containing 5,148 persons. The average household size was 5.72 persons. The majority of the population (55.8%) were between the ages of 19 and 60. Household composition was evenly divided between males and females. Household sample collection was based on methodology previously designed for surveying households in war zones. Survey questions were answered by the head of household or senior adult present. The questions included year the injury occurred, the mechanism of injury, the body parts injured, whether injury resulted in disability and, if so, the length of disability. We present this modeling study to offer an innovative methodology for measuring “years lived with disability” (YLDs) and “years of life lost” (YLLs) attributable to conflict-related intentional injuries, using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) approach. YLDs were calculated with disability weights, and YLLs were calculated by comparing the age at death to the GBD standard life table to calculate remaining life expectancy. Calculations were also performed using Iraq-specific life expectancy for comparison. We calculated a burden of injury of 5.6 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to conflict-related injuries in Baghdad from 2003 to 2014. The majority of DALYs lost were attributable to YLLs, rather than YLDs, 4.99 million YLLs lost (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 3.87 million to 6.13 million) versus 616,000 YLDs lost (95% UI 399,000 to 894,000). Cause-based analysis demonstrated that more DALYs were lost to due to gunshot wounds (57%) than any other cause. Our study has several limitations. Recall bias regarding the reporting and attribution of injuries is possible. Second, we have no data past the time of the interview, so we assumed individuals with ongoing disability at the end of data collection would not recover, possibly counting more disability for injuries occurring later. Additionally, incomplete data could have led to misclassification of deaths, resulting in an underestimation of the total burden of injury. Conclusions In this study, we propose a methodology to perform burden of disease calculations for conflict-related injuries (expressed in DALYs) in Baghdad from 2003 to 2014. We go beyond previous reports of simple mortality to assess long-term population health effects of conflict-related intentional injuries. Ongoing disability is, in cross section, a relatively small 10% of the total burden. Yet, this small proportion creates years of demands on the health system, persistent limitations in earning capacity, and continuing burdens of care provision on family members.

Open data and injuries in urban areas—A spatial analytical framework of Toronto using machine learning and spatial regressions

Injuries have become devastating and often under-recognized public health concerns. In Canada, injuries are the leading cause of potential years of life lost before the age of 65. The geographical patterns of injury, however, are evident both over space and time, suggesting the possibility of spatial optimization of policies at the neighborhood scale to mitigate injury risk, foster prevention, and control within metropolitan regions. In this paper, Canada’s National Ambulatory Care Reporting System is used to assess unintentional and intentional injuries for Toronto between 2004 and 2010, exploring the spatial relations of injury throughout the city, together with Wellbeing Toronto data. Corroborating with these findings, spatial autocorrelations at global and local levels are performed for the reported over 1.7 million injuries. The sub-categorization for Toronto’s neighborhood further distills the most vulnerable communities throughout the city, registering a robust spatial profile throughout. Individual neighborhoods pave the need for distinct policy profiles for injury prevention. This brings one of the main novelties of this contribution. A comparison of the three regression models is carried out. The findings suggest that the performance of spatial regression models is significantly stronger, showing evidence that spatial regressions should be used for injury research. Wellbeing Toronto data performs reasonably well in assessing unintentional injuries, morbidity, and falls. Less so to understand the dynamics of intentional injuries. The results enable a framework to allow tailor-made injury prevention initiatives at the neighborhood level as a vital source for planning and participatory decision making in the medical field in developed cities such as Toronto.

Identifying intentional injuries among children and adolescents based on Machine Learning

Background Compared to other studies, the injury monitoring of Chinese children and adolescents has captured a low level of intentional injuries on account of self-harm/suicide and violent attacks. Intentional injuries in children and adolescents have not been apparent from the data. It is possible that there has been a misclassification of existing intentional injuries, and there is a lack of research literature on the misclassification of intentional injuries. This study aimed to discuss the feasibility of discriminating the intention of injury based on Machine Learning (ML) modelling and provided ideas for understanding whether there was a misclassification of intentional injuries. Methods Information entropy was used to determine the correlation between variables and the intention of injury, and Naive Bayes (NB), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Adaboost algorithms and Deep Neural Networks (DNN) were used to create an intention of injury discrimination model. The models were compared by comprehensively testing the discrimination effect to determine stability and consistency. Results For the area under the ROC curve with different intentions of injuries, the NB model was 0.891, 0.880, and 0.897, respectively; the DT model was 0.870, 0.803, and 0.871, respectively; the RF model was 0.850, 0.809, and 0.845, respectively; the Adaboost model was 0.914, 0.846, and 0.914, respectively; the DNN model was 0.927, 0.835, and 0.934, respectively. In a comprehensive comparison of the five models, DNN and Adaboost models had higher values for the determination of the intention of injury. A discrimination of cases with unclear intentions of injury showed that on average, unintentional injuries, violent attacks, and self-harm/suicides accounted for 86.57%, 6.81%, and 6.62%, respectively. Conclusion It was feasible to use the ML algorithm to determine the injury intention of children and adolescents. The research suggested that the DNN and Adaboost models had higher values for the determination of the intention of injury. This study could build a foundation for transforming the model into a tool for rapid diagnosis and excavating potential intentional injuries of children and adolescents by widely collecting the influencing factors, extracting the influence variables characteristically, reducing the complexity and improving the performance of the models in the future.

Socioeconomic inequality in the risk of intentional injuries among adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis of 89 countries

IntroductionIn 2015, the elimination of hunger worldwide by 2030 was declared by the United Nations as a Sustainable Development Goal. However, food insecurity remains pervasive, contributing to socioeconomic health inequalities. The overall objective was to investigate the relationship between food insecurity and intentional injuries among adolescents.MethodsIndividual-level data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey from 89 countries were used (370 719 adolescents, aged 12–17 years). Multilevel logistic regressions were used to examine the sex-specific association between the level of food insecurity (none, medium and high) and intentional injuries (interpersonal violence and suicide attempts), accounting for the clustering of observations within surveys. Random-effects meta-analyses were used to analyse dose–response relationships.ResultsMedium and high food insecurity were associated with increased odds of reporting an injury from interpersonal violence among both sexes. A positive dose–response relationship was found, where each level increase in food insecurity was associated with a 30% increase in the odds of an injury due to interpersonal violence among boys (1.30; 95% CI 1.26 to 1.34) and a 50% increase among girls (1.53; 95% CI 1.46–1.62). The odds for suicide attempts increased by 30% for both sexes with each level increase in food insecurity (boys: 1.29; 95% CI 1.25–1.32; girls: 1.29; 95% CI 1.25–1.32).DiscussionThe findings indicate that socioeconomic inequalities exist in the risk of intentional injuries among adolescents. Although additional studies are needed to establish causality, the present study suggests that the amelioration of food insecurity could have implications beyond the prevention of its direct consequences.