Study the causes of pitting corrosion in carbon steel water pipeline at the site of advanced chemical industries complex

There are many factors that affect the pitting corrosion of carbon steel (Q235A) some of them are related to the pipeline material such as material chemical composition specifications and other related to water specifications such as water temperature, pH of the water, and chemical and physical specification of water. In this study, the investigation was done for both water quality and materials of pipelines (Q235A), four samples from on a piece of same rolled sheet welded pipe(carbon steel (Q235A) were prepared and tested for chemicals composition, microstructure, roughness, and thickness, the test results shown that no difference observed for all results only on one sample have difference roughness value near to the welded joint, these test applied for 4 pieces took from one pipe to check the effect of rolling of these pipes that can cause dissimilarity .which enhance corrosion rates. Then the water quality was investigated for temperature 45C, pH equal to 9, chloride, TDS, and water pressure, the test result showed that the temperature of the water was 45 C pH 9 and contain chloride with a concentration quite enough to initiate pitting. From the collected data this study specified the causes of pitting corrosion in the studied area of water pipelines and summarized in the flowing, this pipelines exposed to high pressure than the required, and temperature of water reach over 45C in summer, and chloride iron have the main contribution on pitting corrosion of these pipes.

The Relation between Burning Time and Burning Energy of HTPB - Based Composite Propellant

This paper represented a result of several visions of chemical phenomenon and several extractions and extrapolations of experimental works which included a relationship between energy related to a chemical process and the relevant time which is required to achieve this process, but it must be taken into account that those mentioned experimental works hadn’t aimed substantially to study and state this relationship neither implicitly nor explicitly, but the results of those works have been exploited for another field after being compared with the relevant thermodynamic calculations. The selected case study for this paper was the relation between the burning time of Hydroxyl terminated poly butadiene propellant ( HTPB) and the caloric value of this material. The results reflected some relationship between the burning time and the change of the system energy during the burning process.

Investigating the Suitability of Different Routing Strategies In Specific VANET Application Class

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET), is an emerging technology that holds the opportunity to create potential applications that directly impact peoples' lives, traffic management, and infotainment services. Understanding VANET applications and the available routing protocols can help to infer the most suitable protocols that satisfy VANET application requirements. This paper develops a systematic classification methodology to classify VANET applications from a routing perspective, each application class has different network requirements which are laid down by VANET Projects conducted in different countries. Some of these requirements are related to the routing aspects and need to be satisfied by the selected routing strategies (proactive and reactive). The paper identifies routing strategies performance metrics related to each application class requirement, to efficiently guide the development of these routing strategies towards guaranteeing satisfactory performance for the applications under a wide variety of realistic VANET scenarios. It is also worth mentioning that minimum delay is a requirement needed by time and event-driven application classes. However, high reliability is a requirement needed by on-demand applications. The paper aims to provide a comparative study on the performance of routing strategies in different VANET application classes, to identify which routing strategies have better performance in specific VANET applications class. End-to-end delay is employed as a performance metric to evaluate the short delay requirement, while, the Routing Overhead (RO) is used to assess the reliability requirement. Simulation results showed that proactive routing protocol has a lower delay, which means that it is suitable for delay-sensitive applications such as time-driven and event-driven applications. The result also showed that the reactive routing protocol outperforms the proactive routing protocol in terms of RO, which means that reactive routing protocols can be nominated as proper routing strategies to satisfy the reliability requirement of the On-demand driven applications.

The Lethal Range Testing of Effective 80mm Air to Ground Warhead

The air force is the most important weapon during wars and battles. Through it, armies can control and isolate enemy territory, carry out their own operations and missions, allow for the increased bombing, tactical air support for ground forces, parachuting, airdrops, and the passage of cargo planes. Countries are working to enhance their air force by increasing the number of their aircraft and providing them with the latest modern technologies in monitoring targets, accurate and efficient missiles. This paper will present a completely new design of 80 mm controlled fragmentation warhead for air to surface missile has been designed and tested, the results of the experiment showed a good performance for tactical characteristics such as lethal range which is about 19 meters.

Detection and Tracking of UAV Targets Using Deep Learning

In recent years, the use of Flying drones and modern Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with the latest techniques and capabilities for both civilian and military applications growing sustainably on a large scope, Drones could autonomously fly in several environments and locations and could perform various missions, providing a system for UAV detection and tracking represent crucial importance. This paper discusses Designing Detection and Tracking method as a part of Aero-vehicle Defense System (ADS) for UAVs using Deep learning algorithms. The small Radar cross-section (RCS) foot-print makes a problem for Traditional methods and Aero-vehicle Defense systems to distinguish between birds, stealth fighters, and UAVs incomparable of size and RCS characteristics, the detection is a challenge in low RCS targets because the chance of detection is incredibly less moreover, in the existence of interference and clutter which reduce the performance of detection process rapidly.

Design of Electronic Circuit for Mining Explosive Detonator

Designing of mining exclusive electronic circuit, safety for work environment is vital and important. The system devices contained transmitter block, which are containing computer monitoring software and internet modem. The other one is receiver block which is included explosive circuit and their components (i.e., a digital component mobile phone, ICs, and detector). To control the operation steps process used software program written with C++ language. The system was successfully built and designed. Besides that, it could capabilities of components set in the designed circuit. Moreover, the circuit and their components were operated carefully according to program sequence. The results are achieved the general objectives of the research. Also, it was match standards, specified in national standards for performances and appearances of such devices.

Application of Surfactant Material as Anti-hygroscopicity agent for Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)

Ammonium nitrate is a promising rocket propellant oxidizer. It is present as the major component in most industrial explosives. Due to the surface polarity of ammonium nitrate, the particles can easy absorb moisture. In this study, ammonium nitrate particles were coated by cetylalcohol surfactant in order to reduce the hygroscopicity. The optimized physical coating process using cetylalcohol was achieved by (L9 (34 )) Taguchi orthogonal array (TOA).The analysis of TOA revealed that the highest decline of absorption rate was 35.45% with the mass ratio of coating layer was 0.95%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface of coated and uncoated ammonium nitrate. The idea and approach presented in this study can help the researchers to improving anti-hygroscopicity of ammonium nitrate.

Color ruler to confirm spectrophotometer results for nitro compound content in acidic wastewater from TNT processes

This study aimed to find an additional analytical reference procedure to verify the accuracy of single beam Spectrophotometer results that used to determine the concentration of nitro compound pollutants such as TNT, DNT, and MNT (Tri Nitro Toluene, Di Nitro toluene, and Mono Nitro Toluene respectively) in treated acidic wastewater generated from TNT manufacturing. This procedure was tested and confirmed to be a reference for a single-beam spectrophotometer. In this study 10 samples with known concentrations were taken and prepared for colorimetric analysis, the concentrations gradient from 10mg/L up to 60mg/L to make a ruler with gradient color, this ruler was suitable for high concentration samples but to specify the low concentration samples the procedure depended on adding a known concentration to the unknown concentration sample then this added concentration transferred the samples from unspecified color to specified color on the ruler consisted by known concentration mentioned above, the concentration of unknown concentration samples were specified by taking the concentration corresponding to the ruler color a subtracting the value of added concentration and the value of the remains was sample concentration. This study proved the reliability of this procedure to confirm single-beam spectrophotometer results, determining low concentration value of unknown concentration sample of TNT acidic wastewater, and then it can be used as a substituent of spectrophotometer in the event of malfunctions.

The neutralizing of Acidic Wastewater Produced From Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Factory by Rock granules

Acidic wastewater treatment for the TNT factory which located in the middle of the mountains is characterized by part of its nature with alkaline properties, which prompted the researcher to take advantage of it in the treatment of acidic water instead of caustic soda. Acidic waste water is originated from spent acid treatment building, nitration, purification building, drying and packing building in TNT factory. The objective of this study is to use treated Acidic water TNT Factory by rock granules. Acidic waste water is mixed together with rock granules lye after crushed process of these rocks. The results the pH value of water after neutralizing reaction showed a significant rise in pH from 1.20 to 7. 00. This is within the SSMO. These data included reduction in BOD from 30.00 to 7.00 mg/l which is also within the range of SSMO. The COD value of the acidic wastewater which is 65.00 mg/l to 11 mg/l which is also within the range of SSMO. The use of rock granules for treatment will save an amount 9.45kg/t of caustic soda per ton of product TNT product.

Study of the Effect of Risk Management Application on the Performance of Giad industrial Group

Risk management is particularly important at the present time and constitute a new approach in firms, has seen all industries acceleration and great changes in recent years, in order to benefit from risk management to provide protection for firms and continuity performance its activities should provide the critical success factors for risk management. The research problem is represented in the role of risk management on the performance of industrial firms in Sudan, the research aims to deepen the understanding of risk management and its application to firms and to know the reasons that led to the failure and faltering of the performance of these firms as well as finding appropriate solutions ,The researcher used the descriptive-analytical method in conducting this study and designed a questionnaire as the main tool for data collection, This research develops through the assumption that there is a positive relationship between risk management and the performance of the firm where the study found that risk management practices are applied in moderate proportions by the leaders and employees of the Sudanese industrial firms and dominated by the reactive method rather than proactive, One of the most important recommendations of the study is that industrial organizations have to adopt effective systems for managing organizational risks and that they be monitored and reviewed for deviations in order to be in line with the strategy of the firm.