Evidence of joint commitment in great apes' natural joint actions

Human joint action seems special, as it is grounded in joint commitment—a sense of mutual obligation participants feel towards each other. Comparative research with humans and non-human great apes has typically investigated joint commitment by experimentally interrupting joint actions to study subjects’ resumption strategies. However, such experimental interruptions are human-induced, and thus the question remains of how great apes naturally handle interruptions. Here, we focus on naturally occurring interruptions of joint actions, grooming and play, in bonobos and chimpanzees. Similar to humans, both species frequently resumed interrupted joint actions (and the previous behaviours, like grooming the same body part region or playing the same play type) with their previous partners and at the previous location. Yet, the probability of resumption attempts was unaffected by social bonds or rank. Our data suggest that great apes experience something akin to joint commitment, for which we discuss possible evolutionary origins.

Realisation of Public Procurement during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The article deals with the analysis of major changes introduced to the Polish Public Procurement Law for the reason of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. First of all, the regulation in this area concerns the exclusion of the Public Procurement Law application in respect of necessary procurements. In addition, the legislator has introduced a mutual obligation to communicate about the impact of circumstances relating to the occurrence of COVID-19 on the proper performance of the contract and, as a consequence, the possibility of amending the public procurement contract. The last regulation has introduced solutions to reduce the costs of participation in tender proceedings and to encourage contractors to participate in public tenders.

Talent on Strike: The Musicians’ Union and the Early Agonies of the Creative Class

In November 1865, the membership of New York City's Musical Mutual Protective Union went on strike. Spurred by low wages and professional disrespect, union men came together around an ensemble ethic emphasizing mutual obligation among players. This powerful code of conduct—enforced through the union's internal structure and the musicians’ employment model—sustained several weeks of strike action in the face of public indifference. It also pushed musicians to close their ranks and ensured the homogeneity of the orchestra pit. The strike invites us to historicize the “creative economy,” with equal attention to the material conditions of workers and the durable conceptual categories created by the culture industries.

Pengelolaan Tanah dan Air Berbasis Kearifan Lokal Untuk Mencegah Bencana Alam Longsor

Village governments are required to be able to respond to public needs, one of which is disaster. It needs a quick response attitude from stakeholders as an effort of mutual obligation, one of which is the important role of the village government. Local wisdom is formed as a cultural superiority of the local community and a characteristic of cultural values in local communities that is passed down from generation to generation. This study aims to determine the role of the village government and local wisdom of the community in mitigating landslides in Gununglurah Village, Cilongok District, Banyumas Regency. The method used in this research is survey. Types of data include primary data and secondary data. Data collection through in-depth interviews. Data analysis using descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that the community had to carry out good land and water management based on local wisdom, including mountain hives, agro-ecosystem approaches, forbidden forest preservation, application of intercropping agricultural patterns, and the presence of the Watu Langgar Kali Mengaji site. The community must maintain the values of local wisdom in mitigating landslide disasters, such as the knowledge that comes from “ilmu niteni”.

Shared Membership Beyond National Identity: Deservingness and Solidarity in Diverse Societies

Liberal nationalists argue that identification with the nation promotes feelings of mutual obligation, including support for redistribution. Existing attempts to test this hypothesis have focused on whether the higher sense of national identity among the majority increases support redistribution. We argue for a twofold shift in focus. First, beyond the majority’s own national identity, we need to explore their perceptions of whether minorities share this identity. Second, we need to shift from one-dimensional ideals of ‘identity’ to more complex ideas of attachment and commitment. Do members of the majority view minorities as committed to the nation and willing to make sacrifices for it? Drawing on a custom-designed online survey in Canada, we show that three salient out-groups (Aboriginal peoples, French-speaking Canadians and immigrants) are seen by majority respondents as less committed to Canada, and that this is a powerful predictor of support for general and inclusive redistribution.

Out of the Depths of Modernity: Fragments of a Response to Charles Taylor’s “A Catholic Modernity?” in a Jewish Idiom

For two main reasons, I am not much tempted to articulate a “Jewish modernity” analogous to “a Catholic modernity” as presented by Charles Taylor. First, modernity is “lost”. In the last decades, dreams of a bright secular future of modernity (“later is better”) have collapsed. This affects also the possible role one envisages for non-scientific allegiances and worldviews. It renders this engagement with Taylor seem almost nostalgic or retrospective. Second, I have reservations about many of the concepts Taylor is using. Some of them, like theology and transcendence, are specific to a tradition in ways that must be specified. Others, like religion, the secular and modernity, likewise demand more definite settings. Taylor’s generous Catholicism, extending to the (pre-Christian) past, is a post-Catholicism as it attempts, like various post-Judaisms, to find a new place for Catholicism in a modernity characterized by skepticism and naturalism. Finally, Taylor’s critique of “rights talk” is contrasted to a Jewish notion of mutual obligation.

Covenant

As the Reformed tradition faced different contexts, both in time and place, there could be a spectrum of emphases. Covenant has been a crucial theme for helping to hold together those emphases and maintain a sense of biblical and theological breadth and proportion. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, federal or covenant theology employed the covenant concept as one organizing theme for viewing all redemptive history and observing connections across various Christian doctrines. At its best, the Reformed tradition has been able to emphasize mutual obligation without surrendering to neonomianism as well as the absolute, unconditional, and unilateral basis of the covenant without succumbing to antinomianism. And if that is possible, then the tension that exists in federal theology may be a sign that we are dealing with a relationship in history between God and human beings that is as complex and real as it is presented in the Bible.

Educational Policy

This paper seeks to offer an interpretation of the significance of the core of education in an attempt to achieve public policy goals. Some publications addressing approaches, techniques, and models of learning as a means of understanding the ideal education, but there are still deficiencies attributable to educators or adults who do not see the environment as a place of training. The paper aims to provide parents, teachers, and the community with knowledge so that education is a joint obligation so that cooperation in the education system is complete. "Tri Pusat Pendidikan" are three critical elements that play an essential role in learning and become the center of educational activities, namely family education (informal education), school training (formal education), and social education (non-formal culture). The "Tri Pusat Pendidikan" idea means that learning can be done anywhere and at any time, being a mutual obligation. This principle says the society and family have a balanced responsibility for the success of education offenders, and that it is not just schools that are made and regulated as organizations that have a great (full) responsibility for the success of individuals in their educational cycle.

THE ISSUE OF ACCEPTING A REPORT OF A CRIME FROM A PERSON UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL OR SIMILAR SUBSTANCES WITH RESPECT TO THE PROPER PERFORMANCE OF THE POLICE OFFICER’S DUTIES

eporting a crime is a mutual obligation imposed by law and special regulations on both the sender and the recipient of the infor-mation. The obligation of both parties, i.e. the reporter and the reportee, to act synergistically is aimed at eliminating the risk of inaction of law enforce-ment agencies or some kind of social consent to break the law. It is notewor-thy that the person reporting a crime is not obliged to check the accuracy of the information, as this information does not have to be objectively true, although it should be factually correct. However, there are some concerns about accepting a report of a crime and the interrogation of the reporter as a witness in a situation where a police offi cer has a justifi ed suspicion that the reporter is under the infl uence of alcohol, intoxicants, or psychotropic or psychoactive drugs. In such a situation, is it necessary to verify the state of sobriety, and is there any legal basis at all for checking the state of sobriety of such a person? Can such a person be instructed about his/her rights and obligations, and what is the responsibility of such a person in accordanc with Article 233 § 1, Article 233 § 1a and Articles 234 and 238 of the Polish Criminal Code, Act of 6 June 1997? At the beginning, it is worth noting that there is an inconsistency in the position of the judicature and the doctrine on the issue of interrogating people who are in a state of intoxication. The reason for the above should be found in the fact that the legislator did not make a fi rm decision on the admissibility of an interrogation of a person who is intoxicated or under the infl uence of another similarly acting substance by a procedural authority.The aim of this article is to fi nd the answer to the aforementioned questions and to discuss the issue of the adoption of a notifi cation of a crime with respect to the proper performance of the duties by a police officer.