Caracterização do conhecimento de pecuaristas gaúchos da serra do sudeste sobre o carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus

The purpose of this research project was to determine knowledge of the Rhipicephalus microplus tick among seventy cattle ranchers in the Caçapava do Sul and Lavras do Sul municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul State, through completing a structured questionnaire. The replies to the questions on the land areas covered by the properties show that 27%, 26%, 21.5%, 20% and 5.5% cover more than 500 hectares, between 150 and 300 hectares, between 300 and 500 hectares, between 50 and 150 hectares, and under 50 hectares, respectively; 75% of the ranchers are raising more than 100 head of cattle; 84.3% have cultivated grazing pastures and 15.7% have only native grasslands; 87.14% of the ranchers rated bovine babesiosis as the main tick-borne disease, and 76% checked out tick control products recommended by veterinarians. They mentioned 13 formulations and/or associations of tick control products. The tick control biogram test is a new tool for 58.6% of these cattle ranchers. Producers use late control, based on tick control chemicals.

Abstract 27: Unravelling Cell-specific Interactions At The Preeclamptic Maternal-foetal Interface From Early To Late Pregnancy

Preeclamptic syndrome arrises in the fetal part of the placenta (villi). In this study, we analyse placental development by single nuclei RNA-sequencing in early and term pregnancy and draw conclusions about pathological processes in preeclampsia (PE) that originate early in gestation. We profiled the transcriptome of 101,067 nuclei obtained from a total of 12 pregnancies, spanning early, term and PE doners. Using unsupervised computational approaches, we identified 12 and 16 different cell types and states in decidua and villi, respectively. Our comprehensively identified catalogue of cell types and states aligns well with the previous single cell studies. We identified different subpopulations of syncytiotrophoblast and GATA3+/GREM2+ trophoblast stem cells (TSC) in villi. Through gestation, gene expression in cell populations from the matrisome or vascular environments show dynamic expression reflecting vascular development associated with spiral artery remodelling and concordant decidual stroma reorganisation. Global differential gene expression analysis shows that trophoblast cell types are most dysregulated in PE. Cell-cell communication analysis revealed important dysregulation between villi and decidual cell types. The secretory signalling characteristic of this trophoblastic disease may be used for early biomarker screening. Overall, this study paves the way to a deeper understanding of the early pathophysiology of PE. Figure 1: Villi (v) and decidua (d) cell clusters from early, late control and preeclampsia (PE) villi and decidua visualised as a UMAP. Datasets were integrated separately for each tissue and merged for embedding.

TLR2 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells promotes late control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Although a role for TLR2 on T cells has been indicated in prior studies, in vivo stimulation of TLR2 on T cells by Mtb and its impact on Mtb infection has not been tested. Furthermore, it is not known if the enhanced susceptibility to Mtb of Tlr2 gene knockout (ko) mice is due to its role in macrophages, on T cells or both. To address TLR2 on T cells, we generated Tlr2fl/flxCd4cre/cre mice, which lack expression of TLR2 on both CD4 and CD8 T cells, to study the in vivo role of TLR2 on T cells after aerosol infection with virulent Mtb. Deletion of TLR2 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells reduces their ability to be co-stimulated by TLR2 ligands for cytokine production. These include both pro- (IFN-g, TNF-a) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). Deletion of TLR2 in T cells did not affect early control but did result in decreased late control of Mtb in the lungs of infected mice. This suggests that T cell co-stimulation by mycobacterial TLR2 ligands in vivo is important for control of infection during the chronic phase of Mtb infection in the lung.

EasyCOV : LAMP based rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva

Covid-19 crisis showed us that rapid massive virus detection campaign is a key element in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic response. The classical RT-PCR laboratory platforms must be complemented with rapid and simplified technologies to enhance efficiency of large testing strategies.To this aim, we developed EasyCOV, a direct saliva RT-LAMP based SARS-CoV-2 virus detection assay that do not requires any RNA extraction step. It allows robust and rapid response under safe and easy conditions for healthcare workers and patients.EasyCOV test was assessed under double blind clinical conditions (93 asymptomatic healthcare worker volonteers, 10 actively infected patients, 20 former infected patients tested during late control visit). EasyCOV results were compared with classical laboratory RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal samples.Our results show that compared with nasopharyngeal laboratory RT-PCR, EasyCOV SARS-CoV-2 detection test has a sensitivity of 72.7%. Measured on healthcare worker population the specificity was 95.7%. LAMP technology on saliva is clearly able to identify subjects with infectivity profile. Among healthcare worker population EasyCOV test detected one presymptomatic subject.Because it is simple, rapid and painless for patients, EasyCOV saliva SARS-Cov-2 detection test may be useful for large screening of general population.

The effect of erythropoietin on rat rotator cuff repair model: An experimental study

Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether erythropoietin (EPO) can enhance rotator cuff healing in rats as measured by histological analysis and biomechanical testing.Methods:A total of 72 rats were included in this study. In the control group ( n = 24), repair was performed without EPO injection. In the local group ( n = 24) EPO was injected in the repair site. In the systemic group ( n = 24) EPO was administered as an intraperitoneal injection every day for 10 days after repair. Rats were euthanized on day 10 ( n = 12 from each group) and day 28 ( n = 12 from each group). Histopathological ( n = 6) and biomechanical examinations ( n = 6) were done.Results:Biomechanical results reveal that the maximum load to failure values of the early control group were statistically lower than those of the early systemic group ( p = 0.006). Comparing the the total Bonar values histopathologically reveal that the early systemic group was statistically higher than those of the early local group ( p = 0.043). The late control group was statistically higher than those of the late local group ( p = 0.003) and the late systemic group ( p = 0.034). The late systemic group was statistically higher than those of the late local group ( p = 0.003).Conclusions:EPO application had a positive effect biomechanically in the early euthanized group and histopathologically in the late euthanized group.

Reactive and proactive control in arithmetical strategy selection

Individual differences in arithmetic have been explained by differences in cognitive processes and by arithmetic strategy use and selection. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of reactive and proactive control processes. We explored how variation in proactive and reactive control was related to individual differences in strategy selection. We correlated proactive and reactive measures obtained from the AX-CPT and an adjusted N-back task with a measure of strategy adaptiveness during a numerosity judgment task. The results showed that both measures of reactive control (of the AX-CPT and N-back task) correlated positively with strategy adaptiveness, while proactive control was not. This suggests that both cognitive control modes might have a different effect on adaptive strategy selection, where adaptive strategy selection seems to benefit from a transient (late) control mode, reactive control. We discuss these results in the light of the Dual Mechanisms Framework.

The effect of pre-graze mowing on milk production of dairy cows grazing grass–herb–legume pastures managed under contrasting spring defoliation regimes

Strategies to increase herbage dry-matter (DM) production are sought for dairy systems. One proposed strategy is tactical spring defoliation with greater pre-grazing herbage mass and higher post-grazing heights. However, there are concerns over the effects of these strategies on herbage quality, DM intake and milk production. Irrigated, diverse pastures in Canterbury, New Zealand, containing perennial ryegrass, white clover, chicory, plantain and lucerne, were managed over two grazing rotations in spring under normal (grazed to 3.5 cm) or lax management (grazed to 5 cm, allowing early ryegrass seedhead development before normal grazing at anthesis ‘late control’). On the third grazing rotation, a milk production study was conducted. Thirty-six, mid-lactation spring calving Friesian × Jersey dairy cows were allocated to nine groups of four cows and randomly allocated to three replicates of the following three treatments: (1) normal grazing (Norm), (2) lax grazing of standing herbage (Lax) and (3) lax grazing with pre-graze mowing of herbage (Mow). Cows were offered a daily herbage allocation of 30 kg DM/cow above ground level, with milk production measured over 8 days. Pastures managed under lax management had higher pre-grazing herbage mass (4149 kg DM/ha) than did pastures managed under normal management (3105 kg DM/ha), but all treatments had similar metabolisable energy (~12.26 MJ ME/kg DM). Daily milksolid (MS) production tended to be lower (P = 0.07) for cows grazing pastures managed under Lax and Mow (2.34 and 2.24 MS/cow.day respectively) than with Norm (2.43 MS/cow.day). Although there was no difference in daily MS production between mowing and greater pre-graze herbage mass, switching from a high to low grazing residual managed by either grazing or mowing in late spring is likely to have a negative impact on milk production.

Impact of Simulation Training on Time to Initiation of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for First-Year Pediatrics Residents

Background Pediatrics residents have few opportunities to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Enhancing the quality of CPR is a key factor to improving outcomes for cardiopulmonary arrest in children and requires effective training strategies. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a simulation-based intervention to reduce first-year pediatrics residents' time for 3 critical actions in CPR: (1) call for help, (2) initiate bag-mask ventilation, and (3) initiate chest compressions. Methods A prospective study involving 31 first-year pediatrics residents at a children's hospital assigned to an early or late (control) intervention group. Residents underwent baseline assessment followed by repeat evaluations at 3 and 6 months. Time to critical actions was scored by video review. A 90-minute educational intervention focused on skill practice was conducted following baseline evaluation for the early-intervention group and following 3-month evaluation for the late-intervention group. Primary outcome was change in time to initiating the 3 critical actions. Change in time was analyzed by comparison of Kaplan-Meier curves, using the log-rank test. A 10% sample was timed by a second rater. Agreement was assessed using intraclass correlation (ICC). Results There was a statistically significant reduction in time for all 3 critical actions between baseline and 3-month evaluation in the early intervention group; this was not observed in the late (control) group. Rater agreement was excellent (ICC ≥ 0.99). Conclusions A simulation-based educational intervention significantly reduced time to initiation of CPR for first-year pediatrics residents. Simulation training facilitated acquisition of critical CPR skills that have the potential to impact patient outcome.

Ecologically based rodent management in Africa: potential and challenges

Rodent management in agriculture remains a major challenge in developing countries where resource-poor farmers are ill equipped to deal with pest species. It is compounded by unpredictable outbreaks, late control actions, lack of/or inadequate expert interventions, expensive rodenticides and other factors. Ecologically based rodent management (EBRM) is recommended as the way forward for rodent management in Africa. EBRM relies on understanding the ecology of pest species and formulating this knowledge into management programs. The present paper evaluates the potential for establishing EBRM in Africa and the challenges that have to be overcome to implement it. The major constraints for establishing EBRM in Africa include the absence of key studies on the taxonomy and ecology of rodents, inadequate research on EBRM, lack of knowledge by farmers on available technologies and agricultural policies that are unfavourable. The development of EBRM and its success in Asia is a strong encouragement to African scientists to develop similar management strategies for the most important pest species such as the multimammate rats, Mastomys natalensis. EBRM initiatives such as the Development of Ecologically Based Rodent Management for the Southern Africa Region (ECORAT) project undertook studies on e.g. rodent ecology, taxonomy, knowledge, attitude and practices and rodent–human interactions in rural agricultural communities. Through this project, EBRM interventions were introduced in Tanzania, Swaziland and Namibia to provide solutions to local rodent-pest problems. Intervention actions including community-based intensive trapping of rodents, habitat manipulation and sanitary measures demonstrated that the impacts of rodents on communities could be drastically reduced. EBRM programs in Africa must address how to change attitudes of target communities, building scientific capacity, implanting rodent-management skills by translating the developed technologies and strategies into simple understandable and easy-to-implement actions and influencing policy makers to accept the concepts and practices to be introduced. Further, we need to demonstrate that EBRM is economically feasible and sustainable and that through community participation, EBRM will become deeply rooted in those communities.