Reactive and proactive control in arithmetical strategy selection

Individual differences in arithmetic have been explained by differences in cognitive processes and by arithmetic strategy use and selection. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of reactive and proactive control processes. We explored how variation in proactive and reactive control was related to individual differences in strategy selection. We correlated proactive and reactive measures obtained from the AX-CPT and an adjusted N-back task with a measure of strategy adaptiveness during a numerosity judgment task. The results showed that both measures of reactive control (of the AX-CPT and N-back task) correlated positively with strategy adaptiveness, while proactive control was not. This suggests that both cognitive control modes might have a different effect on adaptive strategy selection, where adaptive strategy selection seems to benefit from a transient (late) control mode, reactive control. We discuss these results in the light of the Dual Mechanisms Framework.

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Developing Adaptive Control: Age-related Differences in Task Choices and Awareness of Proactive and Reactive Control Demands

10.31234/osf.io/tgdbu ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jesse C Niebaum ◽

Nicolas Chevalier ◽

Ryan Mori Guild ◽

Yuko Munakata

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Executive Function ◽

Task Demands ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Developmental Changes ◽

Control Mode ◽

Proactive Control ◽

Older Children ◽

Reactive Control ◽

Age Related

Developmental changes in executive function are often explained in terms of core cognitive processes and associated neural substrates. For example, younger children tend to engage control reactively in the moment as needed, whereas older children increasingly engage control proactively, in anticipation of needing it. Such developments may reflect increasing capacities for active maintenance dependent upon dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. However, younger children will engage proactive control when reactive control is made more difficult, suggesting that developmental changes may also reflect decisions about whether to engage control, and how. We tested awareness of temporal control demands and associated task choices in 5- and 10-year-olds and adults using a demand selection task. Participants chose between one task that enabled proactive control and another task that enabled reactive control. Adults reported awareness of these different control demands and preferentially played the proactive task option. Ten-year-olds reported awareness of control demands but selected task options at chance. Five-year-olds showed neither awareness nor task preference, but a subsample who exhibited awareness of control demands preferentially played the reactive task option, mirroring their typical control mode. Thus, developmental improvements in executive function may in part reflect better awareness of cognitive demands and adaptive behavior, which may in turn reflect changes in dorsal anterior cingulate in signaling task demands to lateral prefrontal cortex.

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Cognitive Control in Young and Older Adults: Does Mood Matter?

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci12010050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Linda Truong ◽

Kesaan Kandasamy ◽

Lixia Yang

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Young Adults ◽

Cognitive Control ◽

Mood Induction ◽

Control Mode ◽

Proactive Control ◽

Reactive Control ◽

Age Related ◽

Control Framework ◽

Neutral Mood

The dual mechanisms of control framework (DMC) proposes two modes of cognitive control: proactive and reactive control. In anticipation of an interference event, young adults primarily use a more proactive control mode, whereas older adults tend to use a more reactive one during the event, due to age-related deficits in working memory. The current study aimed to examine the effects of mood induction on cognitive control mode in older (ages 65+) compared to young adults (ages 18–30) with a standard letter-cue (Experiment 1) and a modified face-cue AX-CPT (Experiment 2). Mood induction into negative and/or positive mood versus neutral mood was conducted prior to the cognitive control task. Experiment 1 replicated the typical pattern of proactive control use in young adults and reactive control use in older adults. In Experiment 2, older adults showed comparable proactive control to young adults in their response time (RT). Mood induction showed little effect on cognitive control across the two experiments. These results did not reveal consistent effects of mood (negative or positive) on cognitive control mode in young and older adults, but discovered (or demonstrated) that older adults can engage proactive control when dichotomous face cues (female or male) are used in AX-CPT.

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The Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control (DMCC) project: Validation of an on-line behavioral task battery

10.31234/osf.io/ngwqc ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rongxiang Tang ◽

Julie Bugg ◽

Jean-Paul Snijder ◽

Andrew R. A. Conway ◽

Todd Samuel Braver

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Control ◽

Selective Attention ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Proactive Control ◽

Behavioral Task ◽

Reactive Control ◽

Context Processing ◽

On Line

Cognitive control serves a crucial role in human higher mental functions. The Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) account provides a unifying theoretical framework that decomposes cognitive control into two qualitatively distinct mechanisms – proactive control and reactive control. While prior behavioral and neuroimaging work has demonstrated the validity of individual tasks in isolating these two mechanisms of control, there has not been a comprehensive, theoretically-guided task battery specifically designed to tap into proactive and reactive control across different domains of cognition. To address this critical limitation and provide useful methodological tools for future investigations, the Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control (DMCC) task battery was developed to probe these two control modes, as well as their intra-individual and inter-individual differences, across four prototypical domains of cognition: selective attention, context processing, multi-tasking, and working memory. We present this task battery, along with detailed descriptions of the experimental manipulations used to encourage shifts to proactive or reactive control in each of the four task domains. We rigorously evaluate the group effects of these manipulations in primary indices of proactive and reactive control, establishing the validity of the DMCC task battery in providing dissociable yet convergent measures of the two cognitive control modes.

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Individual differences in children’s strategy selection in a computational estimation task with two versus three available strategies

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology ◽

10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105132 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 208 ◽

pp. 105132

Author(s):

Svenja Hammerstein ◽

Sebastian Poloczek ◽

Patrick Lösche ◽

Gerhard Büttner

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Strategy Selection ◽

Estimation Task ◽

Computational Estimation

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Slower adaptation of control strategies in individuals with high impulsive tendencies

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-99764-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fanny Grisetto ◽

Yvonne N. Delevoye-Turrell ◽

Clémence Roger

Keyword(s):

Control Strategies ◽

Task Demands ◽

Proactive Control ◽

Reactive Control ◽

Score Distribution ◽

Individual Level ◽

Control Processes ◽

Split Method ◽

Median Split ◽

Reactive Processes

AbstractFlexible use of reactive and proactive control according to environmental demands is the key to adaptive behavior. In this study, forty-eight adults performed ten blocks of an AX-CPT task to reveal the strength of proactive control by the calculation of the proactive behavioral index (PBI). They also filled out the UPPS questionnaire to assess their impulsiveness. The median-split method based on the global UPPS score distribution was used to categorize participants as having high (HI) or low (LI) impulsiveness traits. The analyses revealed that the PBI was negatively correlated with the UPPS scores, suggesting that the higher is the impulsiveness, the weaker the dominance of proactive control processes. We showed, at an individual level, that the PBI increased across blocks and suggested that this effect was due to a smaller decrease in reactive control processes. Notably, the PBI increase was slower in the HI group than in the LI group. Moreover, participants who did not adapt to task demands were all characterized as high impulsive. Overall, the current study demonstrates that (1) impulsiveness is associated with less dominant proactive control due to (2) slower adaptation to task demands (3) driven by a stronger reliance on reactive processes. These findings are discussed in regards to pathological populations.

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Non-informative vision improves spatial tactile discrimination on the shoulder but does not influence detection sensitivity

Experimental Brain Research ◽

10.1007/s00221-020-05944-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 238 (12) ◽

pp. 2865-2875

Author(s):

Fabrizio Leo ◽

Sara Nataletti ◽

Luca Brayda

Keyword(s):

Tactile Stimulation ◽

Detection Threshold ◽

Receptive Fields ◽

Judgment Task ◽

The Body ◽

Detection Sensitivity ◽

Body Parts ◽

Tactile Acuity ◽

Tactile Stimuli ◽

Numerosity Judgment

Abstract Vision of the body has been reported to improve tactile acuity even when vision is not informative about the actual tactile stimulation. However, it is currently unclear whether this effect is limited to body parts such as hand, forearm or foot that can be normally viewed, or it also generalizes to body locations, such as the shoulder, that are rarely before our own eyes. In this study, subjects consecutively performed a detection threshold task and a numerosity judgment task of tactile stimuli on the shoulder. Meanwhile, they watched either a real-time video showing their shoulder or simply a fixation cross as control condition. We show that non-informative vision improves tactile numerosity judgment which might involve tactile acuity, but not tactile sensitivity. Furthermore, the improvement in tactile accuracy modulated by vision seems to be due to an enhanced ability in discriminating the number of adjacent active electrodes. These results are consistent with the view that bimodal visuotactile neurons sharp tactile receptive fields in an early somatosensory map, probably via top-down modulation of lateral inhibition.

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RTDS-Based Simulate Analysis of AC Filters Switch Method in HVDC Converter for Voltage Stability

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.4250 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 756-759 ◽

pp. 4250-4253

Author(s):

Xiao Jun Zhu ◽

Tao Chen ◽

Wei Fang ◽

Luo Jiang Qian ◽

Yi Yu Wen

Keyword(s):

Voltage Stability ◽

Power Transmission ◽

Voltage Control ◽

Salient Feature ◽

Fast Response ◽

Control Mode ◽

Reactive Control ◽

Voltage Level ◽

Action Sequence ◽

Voltage Control Mode

In most of the AC-DC hybrid power transmission system AC filters is widely applied to stabilize voltage level in addition to filter harmonic. However, the voltage stability of AC bus is greatly influenced by action sequence of switching AC filters in group. The paper presents the concept of reactive characteristics of the convertor and AC filters, using reactive and voltage control mode to switch them. The modeling, control, and principle of operation for the AC-side switching filters are described. The voltage level is controlled via regulating action of switching filters by step. The salient feature of the proposed control modes is that voltage control contributes to keep the voltage level, and reactive control has no fast response on guaranteeing voltage stability, but two methods can apply to different occasions based on the requirements of voltage stability. All analysis and control system designs are verified through building a RTDS model in a typical ±500kV power system.

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Sustained and Transient Processes in Event-based Prospective Memory in Adolescence and Adulthood

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_01604 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 1924-1945

Author(s):

Lucía Magis-Weinberg ◽

Ruud Custers ◽

Iroise Dumontheil

Keyword(s):

Prospective Memory ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Age Groups ◽

Neural Correlates ◽

Task Demands ◽

Proactive Control ◽

Reactive Control ◽

Strategic Monitoring ◽

Cue Salience ◽

Event Based

Prospective memory (PM) refers to the cognitive processes associated with remembering to perform an intended action after a delay. Varying the salience of PM cues while keeping the intended response constant, we investigated the extent to which participants relied on strategic monitoring, through sustained, top–down control, or on spontaneous retrieval via transient bottom–up processes. There is mixed evidence regarding developmental improvements in event-based PM performance after the age of 13 years. We compared PM performance and associated sustained and transient neural correlates in 28 typically developing adolescents (12–17 years old) and 19 adults (23–30 years old). Lower PM cue salience associated with slower ongoing task (OT) RTs, reflected by increased μ ex-Gaussian parameter, and sustained increases in frontoparietal activation during OT blocks, both thought to reflect greater proactive control supporting cue monitoring. Behavioral and neural correlates of PM trials were not specifically modulated by cue salience, revealing little difference in reactive control between conditions. The effect of cue salience was similar across age groups, suggesting that adolescents are able to adapt proactive control engagement to PM task demands. Exploratory analyses showed that younger, but not older, adolescents were less accurate and slower in PM trials relative to OT trials than adults and showed greater transient activation in PM trials in an occipito-temporal cluster. These results provide evidence of both mature and still maturing aspects of cognitive processes associated with implementation of an intention after a delay during early adolescence.

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Metalinguistic judgments of phonotactics by monolinguals and bilinguals

Laboratory Phonology Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology ◽

10.1515/labphon.2010.018 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Stefan A. Frisch ◽

María R. Brea-Spahn

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Judgment Task ◽

Vocabulary Knowledge ◽

English Speakers ◽

Vocabulary Test ◽

Lexical Knowledge ◽

Phonotactic Probability ◽

English Bilingual ◽

Low Probability ◽

Vocabulary Assessment

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that a speaker's judgments of well-formedness for novel forms is based directly on their lexical knowledge by showing individual differences in performance in metalinguistic processing of novel words by 68 monolingual English speakers and 30 Spanish-English bilinguals. Monolingual participants were given a well-formedness judgment task and vocabulary assessment in English. Bilingual participants participated in well-formedness judgment tasks and vocabulary assessments in both English and Spanish. An influence of onset-rime phonotactic probability on well-formedness judgments was demonstrated, replicating and extending previous work to a bilingual population. For the bilinguals, there was no evidence of interference between the two languages in the well-formedness task. Individual differences in well-formedness judgments were examined by looking at relations between well-formedness judgments and vocabulary knowledge. Evidence supporting a connection between lexical knowledge and well-formedness task performance was found in the English data for both monolingual and bilingual participants, but this finding was not replicated in the Spanish data. Participants with a larger vocabulary in English were more accepting of low probability nonwords in English. It appears that those with greater vocabulary knowledge are more likely to have experienced improbable phonological constituents, and may also have a lower threshold for “unacceptable” nonwords, if their threshold is based on a likelihood estimate from their individual lexicon. The lack of a lexical effect for Spanish may reflect the lack of a comparable vocabulary test for Spanish. Overall, it appears that performance on well-formedness judgment tasks for nonwords is shown to be related to emergent generalizations based on the individual's linguistic experience with a language, as reflected in their lexical knowledge.

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