Introduction of food distribution in the conditions of the supply crisis before the revolution of 1917 (based on the materials of Kostroma Province)

By the end of 1916, the food issue had been escalating in the Russian Empire. The Russian government faced the need to supply not only the army, but also the provinces with consuming bread, and the civilians were hostages of the transport crisis. The fixed prices for bread introduced in September 1916 led to the restriction of market trade. An important step in the state regulation of the bread market was the unfolding of bread. The article provides an analysis of food policy before the introduction of the unfolding. The food distribution of the tsarist government was an attempt to mobilise grain resources for the needs of the army and the civilians. The peculiarity of the reform was the combination of the principle of duty and payment of the product at a fixed price. The expansion is considered both from the all-Russia positions, taking into account the experience of grain-producing provinces, and in terms of Kostroma Province, which had lack of developed agriculture. The article pays special attention to the measures of local authorities. The governor, the zemstvo, the volost peasant gatherings were not ready to complete the tasks in full. The article concludes that the food distribution in the bread-consuming province, experiencing a crisis of planned supply, could not end successfully.

Engineering Social Learning: Information Design of Time-Locked Sales Campaigns for Online Platforms

Many online platforms offer time-locked sales campaigns, whereby products are sold at fixed prices for prespecified lengths of time. Platforms often display some information about previous customers’ purchase decisions during campaigns. Using a dynamic Bayesian persuasion framework, we study how a revenue-maximizing platform should optimize its information policy for such a setting. We reformulate the platform’s problem equivalently by reducing the dimensionality of its message space and proprietary history. Specifically, three messages suffice: a neutral recommendation that induces a customer to make her purchase decision according to her private signal about the product and a positive (respectively (resp.), negative) recommendation that induces her to purchase (resp., not purchase) by ignoring her signal. The platform’s proprietary history can be represented by the net purchase position, a single-dimensional summary statistic that computes the cumulative difference between purchases and nonpurchases made by customers having received the neutral recommendation. Subsequently, we establish structural properties of the optimal policy and uncover the platform’s fundamental trade-off: long-term information (and revenue) generation versus short-term revenue extraction. Further, we propose and optimize over a class of heuristic policies. The optimal heuristic policy provides only neutral recommendations up to a cutoff customer and provides only positive or negative recommendations afterward, with the recommendation being positive if and only if the net purchase position after the cutoff customer exceeds a threshold. This policy is easy to implement and numerically shown to perform well. Finally, we demonstrate the generality of our methodology and the robustness of our findings by relaxing some informational assumptions. This paper was accepted by Gabriel Weintraub, revenue management and market analytics.

Equilibria in a dynamic model of two firms coordination with non-fixed prices

Model of 2 companies' interaction is considered. Companies exchange two kinds of goods with each other. These goods also can be selled on the market. Prices of goods change over time. Interation is modelled by positional game which is similar to Rosental's Centipede game. Conditions for a contract beetween companies are found. For these conditions, companies can't violate a contract because it is unprofitable for them. Such conditions are modelled by Nash equilibriua in a positional game. We found that sufficient conditions for contract: it renews each 2 points of time; each company pays rather big fine if it refused to transfer good to another company.

The problem of food supply in the Russian province during the world war of 1914–1918 based on the materials of Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces

The article examines the actions of local authorities of Kostroma and Yaroslavl provinces during the World War I in the context of solving the food issue. Attention is focused on the work of the tsarist and revolutionary authorities. The paper traces both the first actions to combat speculation and decisions that contradict state policy in the context of the coming revolution and the supply crisis. The article deals with the contradictions of the bread market that arose during the World War I. The fixed prices set for food often caused dissatisfaction of producers in the grain-producing provinces. The paper draws a conclusion about the causes of the food crisis in the consuming provinces and the degree of effectiveness of solving this problem by local authorities.

Who is counted as in-work poor? Testing five different definitions when measuring in-work poverty in Sweden 1987–2017

PurposeThere is ongoing debate amongst in-work poverty researchers as to how to answer the question “who is counted as in-work poor?” and how to define the minimum size of work that should be used to determine a “working threshold”. The purpose of this paper aims to contribute to this debate by testing five different definitions of a “working threshold” and discussing their implications when testing the different measurement outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use data from Statistics Sweden (SCB), including the total population registered as living in Sweden for each year from 1987 to 2017. All calculations are on a yearly basis and in fixed prices (2017). The data set used is based on linked administrative data retrieved from Statistics Sweden and the software used is SAS 9.4.FindingsResults show how in-work poverty trends differ by measurement approach. The two definitions with the lowest income thresholds are found to include a very heterogenic group of individuals. The development of in-work poverty in Sweden over 30 years show decreasing in-work poverty during the first decade followed by an increase to almost the same levels at the end of the period. In-work poverty in Sweden has transformed from being female-dominated in 1987 and the typical person in in-work poverty 2017 is a male immigrant, aged 26–55 years.Practical implicationsThis methodological discussion might lead to a new definition of who is a worker amongst the in-work poor, which could consequently affect who is counted as being in in-work poverty and lead to new social policy measures.Originality/valueThis is, to the authors' knowledge, the first time different definitions of work requirement used to define in-work poverty have been tested on a data set including the total population and over a period of 30 years.

Dynamic Pricing and Routing for Same-Day Delivery

An increasing number of e-commerce retailers offers same-day delivery. To deliver the ordered goods, providers dynamically dispatch a fleet of vehicles transporting the goods from the warehouse to the customers. In many cases, retailers offer different delivery deadline options, from four-hour delivery up to next-hour delivery. Due to the deadlines, vehicles often only deliver a few orders per trip. The overall number of served orders within the delivery horizon is small and the revenue low. As a result, many companies currently struggle to conduct same-day delivery cost-efficiently. In this paper, we show how dynamic pricing is able to substantially increase both revenue and the number of customers we are able to serve the same day. To this end, we present an anticipatory pricing and routing policy (APRP) method that incentivizes customers to select delivery deadline options efficiently for the fleet to fulfill. This maintains the fleet’s flexibility to serve more future orders. We model the respective pricing and routing problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). To apply APRP, the state-dependent opportunity costs per customer and option are required. To this end, we use a guided offline value function approximation (VFA) based on state space aggregation. The VFA approximates the opportunity cost for every state and delivery option with respect to the fleet’s flexibility. As an offline method, APRP is able to determine suitable prices instantly when a customer orders. In an extensive computational study, we compare APRP with a policy based on fixed prices and with conventional temporal and geographical pricing policies. APRP outperforms the benchmark policies significantly, leading to both a higher revenue and more customers served the same day.

PEMANFAATAN COST PROFIT VOLUME ANALISYS

This descriptive research aims to describe cost profit, volume analysis and show its use in determining the minimum production quantities that must be produced and sold in various conditions where changes in selling prices, changes in variable costs, changes in fixed costs or changes in the composition of the sales mix. Do these changes have an impact on cost profit volume analysis or BEP?This study also aims to apply the use of Cost profit volume analysis in sales or production planning, planning for normal selling prices, planning for production methods and determining the plant's closing point (shut down point)The results showed that: 1. BEP can change because of a. there is a change in the selling price while the costs are fixed, there will be a change in the Break Even Point , if there is an increase in the selling price it will decrease the BEP point. And vice versa if there is a determination of the selling price it will raise the BEP point. b) changes in variable costs with fixed selling price conditions, there will be a change in Braek Even Point points in proportion to these changes, i.e. if an increase in variable costs will increase the BEP point. And vice versa if there is a variable cost determination will reduce the point BEP.c) changes in fixed costs with the variable costs and fixed prices, there will be a change in the Braek Even Point point proportionally to these changes, if an increase in fixed costs will increase the point BEP And vice versa if there is a fixed cost determination will reduce the BEP point. 2. BEP can be used for sales or production planning in order to obtain the desired profit. 3. BEP can be used for planning the normal selling price, ie the selling price of a product that can help the company achieve the desired profit target.4 BEP can be used in the selection of production methods (labor intensive or capital intensive) .5 BEP can be used to close the company or not.

Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kepuasan dan Loyalitas Konsumen Rumah Makan Langensari

Restaurant is an interesting business, because of the high profits. The high competition between culinary businesses can encourage businesses to reach consumer satisfaction, in order to get their loyalty. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the consumer satisfaction and loyalty at Langensari Restaurant. Accidental sampling was used to take 76 consumers as the research sample. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) were used to analyze the data. The study result shows that consumers visiting Langensari Restaurant were very satisfied with the score of 93,57 percent. It means that the restaurant performance in the form of products, fixed prices, places, and services were fulfill the consumers expectation. Price and place affected customer satisfaction, while product and service did not affect customer satisfaction. Satisfaction had a positive effect on loyalty. The higher the level of cunsomer satisfaction, the higher the loyalty. Products, prices, services, and places also indirectly influence loyalty. Restaurants should improve the performance in terms of products, prices, services, and places. They need to be improve the flavor, price affordability, and toilet cleanliness.

Regulation of the domestic consumer market in the national economy

Introduction. Socially significant goods and services is the complex that includes a certain list of food products, certain types of products present in the domestic consumer market, which are sold at fixed prices. The regulation of the market for socially oriented goods and services requires regulation of consumer behavior and an optimal behavioral approach, which can help to improve the well-being of the population. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological principles and conceptual provisions for the regulation of the domestic consumer market in terms of socially significant goods and services in Ukraine. Results. A conceptual approach to socially oriented goods and services has been developed for the better functioning of the domestic consumer market. At the same time, it is important to take into account that the approach is built taking into account the principles: accountability and responsibility, predictability, consistency and consistency: efficiency, adaptability, social justice. The mechanism of state regulation of the market of socially significant goods and services has been improved. The concept of state regulation of the market of socially oriented goods and services is presented. The process of implementing the concept should include full interaction of all elements of state regulation of the market of socially significant goods and services. The purpose of the concept is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological aspects of state regulation of the market of socially significant goods and services in Ukraine. Conclusion. A conceptual approach to the regulation of the market of socially oriented goods and services is presented, which consists in the application of all components, namely the legislative aspect, the economic aspect of market regulation of socially significant goods and services taking into account factors influencing the regulation of domestic consumer market and legislative aspects of price regulation for socially oriented goods and services. The concept presents three components of socially oriented goods and services. State regulation is applied to each of the components (price regulation, regulation of the industry – in some industries, which are producers and suppliers of socially oriented goods and services, natural monopolies operate). Compliance principles of market regulation of socially oriented goods and services would ensure the appropriate and rational consumption of the goods by the population.