IMPACT OF COLOUR SYMBOLISM ON ENGLISH COLOUR IDIOMS AND THEIR GEORGIAN EQUIVALENTS

The presented article aims to study colour idioms; to be more precise, idioms one element of which is a colour designating word. During the research, we were interested in identifying whether the symbolic loading of certain colours has an impact on the meaning of an idiom. The conducted research revealed that colour symbolism greatly influences the meaning of colour idioms in the English language. More specifically, it conditions the implication of the whole idiomatic phrase. While conducting the research, we studied about 200 colour idioms in the English language and tried to find out their Georgian equivalents. It appeared that 94 idioms did not have the corresponding Georgian versions on the etic level. Consequently, 106 ones had the corresponding Georgian translations, out of which 30 phrases were transferred into the Georgian language as idiomatic expressions and colour was maintained only in 17 of them. Besides, it is noteworthy that one and the same colour can have different symbolic loadings what is vividly seen in the presented work.

The Transformativity of the Flipped Inclusion Model, between Anthropocentric Ergonomics of Social Capital, and Ecological-Systemic Empowerment

The use of information age technology favors pervasive communication exchanges and complex phenomenologies, which affect the production of knowledge and the permanent transformation of personalities and contexts, not always with a view to prosocial empowerment of differences. From the analysis of the liquid socio–psycho–educational frames explored in the research activated at the University of Salerno, the permanent need for a widespread media education emerges, to be rooted in a lifelong learning vision to achieve systemic inclusiveness. This is the basis of the epistemology of the existential design model Flipped Inclusion, promoted and tested at the University of Salerno, whose complex idiomatic phrase constitutes the integrated and complex synthesis of the multi-perspective and multimodal approach pursued by the model. In the exploratory–descriptive–transformative research underway since 2014, through blended learning, complex blended learning and with formal, non-formal and informal contexts, the design–organizational, algorithmic–computational architecture of flipped inclusion is experimented upon. The trend of data since 2014 confirms the educational value of the model, due to the positive impact relating to inclusiveness on personal styles and social contexts, hence the intention to continue research on larger samples.

11. The Simplified Sign System Lexicon

Chapter 11 contains the first one thousand signs of the Simplified Sign System lexicon, alphabetized by each sign’s main gloss. Each entry in the lexicon includes a hand-drawn illustration of how that sign is formed, a listing of any synonyms or antonyms related to that sign, and a written description of how the sign is formed (i.e., the handshape(s), palm orientation(s), finger/knuckle orientation(s), location, and movement parameters of the sign). Also provided are a short memory aid to help learners remember the sign’s formation and a longer memory aid that describes the visual and iconic link between how the sign is physically formed and the meaning it conveys. Many of the longer memory aids also include a definition of the main gloss and some of that sign’s synonyms. If users of the system wish to look up a particular vocabulary item, term, or idiomatic phrase, an alphabetized Sign Index that integrates all of the main sign glosses with all of their listed synonyms and antonyms is provided at the end of the volume. This Sign Index directs readers to the page that contains the main sign entry, its written description, and its memory aids.

Lost in Machine Translation: Contextual Linguistic Uncertainty

The article considers the issues related to the semantic, grammatical, stylistic and technical difficulties currently present in machine translation and compares its four main approaches: Rule-based (RBMT), Corpora-based (CBMT), Neural (NMT), and Hybrid (HMT). It also examines some "open systems", which allow the correction or augmentation of content by the users themselves ("crowdsourced translation"). The authors of the article, native speakers presenting different countries (Russia, Greece, Malaysia, Japan and Serbia), tested the translation quality of the most representative phrases from the English, Russian, Greek, Malay and Japanese languages by using different machine translation systems: PROMT (RBMT), Yandex. Translate (HMT) and Google Translate (NMT). The test results presented by the authors show low "comprehension level" of semantic, linguistic and pragmatic contexts of translated texts, mistranslations of rare and culture-specific words,unnecessary translation of proper names, as well as a low rate of idiomatic phrase and metaphor recognition. It is argued that the development of machine translation requires incorporation of literal, conceptual, and content-and-contextual forms of meaning processing into text translation expansion of metaphor corpora and contextological dictionaries, and implementation of different types and styles of translation, which take into account gender peculiarities, specific dialects and idiolects of users. The problem of untranslatability ('linguistic relativity') of the concepts, unique to a particular culture, has been reviewed from the perspective of machine translation. It has also been shown, that the translation of booming Internet slang, where national languages merge with English, is almost impossible without human correction.

Can you reach for the planets or grasp at the stars? – Modified noun, verb, or preposition constituents in idiom processing

Idioms are a special case of multi-word expressions in that their meaning cannot be compositionally constructed from the meaning of the single constituents. The question of how the idiomatic meaning is assembled remains an unsettled issue in psycholinguistic research. The present study examines whether the figurative meaning of an idiom is recognized if critical idiomatic constituents, such as the noun, verb, or preposition, are modified. In three paraphrase experiments, participants saw (a) the canonical idiomatic phrase (e.g., She reached for the stars), (b) the idiomatic phrase with a modified constituent (e.g., She reached/grasped for/at the stars/planets), or (c) a matched literal control sentence (e.g., She reached for the sweets) and rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) - 7 (completely) how strongly the sentence reflected the meaning of a paraphrase of the idiom (e.g., She has always aspired to unattainable goals). Sentence type and constituent type strongly affected paraphrase ratings with highest ratings for canonical idiomatic phrases, lowest ratings for control sentences, and ratings in between for idioms with modified constituents. Further, idioms with modified verbs were rated higher in matching the figurative meaning than idioms with modified prepositions or nouns. Overall these findings indicate that the figurative meaning was assembled in spite of the modifications. We conclude that idioms are not fully ‘semantically fixed’ but allow for some flexibility in the processing of idioms. Modified constituents that activate meanings similar to those of the canonical constituents will co-activate the figurative meaning of the idiom together with the other idiomatic constituents. We discuss psycholinguistic models on idiom comprehension.

المركّب في اللغة العربية واللغة الإندونيسية : دراسة تحليلية تقابلية

Abstrak: Dalam pembelajaran bahasa kedua dikenal analisis kontrastif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif komparatif, berjenis Library research. Data dihimpun dengan teknik dokumentasi. Adapun analisisnya menggunakan analisis konten dan analisis kontrastif. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan, bahwa terdapat sejumlah jenis frasa serta perbedaan dan persamaan antara frasa dalam BI dan BA. Frasa dalam BI : 1. Frasa setara, 2, frasa bertingkat, 3. Frasa terpadu. 4.Frasa benda setara, 5. Frasa benda bertingkat berstruktur M-D dan DM, 6. Frasa benda terpadu, 7. Frasa kerja berstruktur DM-MD, 8. Frasa sifat berstruktur DM-MD, 9. Frasa preposisi, 10. Frasa keterangan, frasa pronominal, 12. Frasa biasa, 13. Frasa idiomatic dan 14. Frasa ambigu. Sedang dalam BA: 1. Frasa Isnadi, 2. Frasa Idhofi, 3. Frasa bayani mencakup : frasa washfi, frasa taukidi, frasa badali, 4. Frasa ‘adadi, 5. Frasa jarri, 6. Frasa musyari, 7. Frasa munadi, 8. Frasa maushuli, 9. Frasa mazji, 10. Frasa tamyizi, 11. Frasa fi’li, 12. Frasa ‘athfi.Abstract: In the second language learning, known contrastive analysis. This researchuses a comparative descriptive approach, a library research type. The data werecollected by documentation. As for its analysis, using content analysis and contrastive analysis. This research resulted in findings; that there are several types of phrases as well as the differences and similarities between phrases in Indonesian and Arabic. Phrases in Indonesian: 1. Exocentric phrase, 2. Endocentric phrase, 3. Integrated phrase. 4. Exocentric nominal phrase, 5. MD and DM structured nominal phrase, 6. Integrated nominal phrase, 7. DM-MD structured verbal phrase, 8. DM-MD structured adjectival phrase, 9. Prepositional phrase, 10. Adverbial phrase, 11. Pronominal phrase, 12. Simple phrase, 13. Idiomatic phrase and 14. Ambiguous phrase. While in Arabic: 1. Isnadi phrase, 2. Idhofi phrase, 3. The bayani phrases include: washfi phrase, taukidi phrase, badali phrase, 4. ‘Adadi phrase, 5. Jarri phrase, 6. Mushari phrase, 7. Munadi phrase, 8. Maushuli phrase, 9. Mazji phrase, 10. Tamyizi phrase, 11. Fi’li phrase, 12. ‘Athfi phrase.

Osobliwe analityzmy słownikowe i frazeologizmy w polskojęzycznej wileńskiej prasie międzywojennej. (Na materiale „Kuriera Wileńskiego”)

Specific dictionary analytisms and idiomatic phrases in the Polish interwar Vilnius press (on the basis of the “Kurier Wileński”)This article presents specific dictionary analytisms and idiomatic phrases used in the Polish language of Kurier Wileński in the interwar period.I have found 50 dictionary analytisms (7 citations included) and 5 idioms (1 citation included).Amongst specific analytisms the Russicisms dominate: 31 items. Older Polish vocabulary creates a large group: 10 items. Six out of these phrases stand for recessive elements, four – are a part of obsolete lexis. One ephemeral unit (narzędzia moczowe) and one regionalism (skład apteczny) have appeared.The genesis of 5 unique idiomatic phrases excerpted from Kurier Wileński is shown in a following way: 3 Russicisms, 1 Ukrainian or Bielarusian borrowing (duby smalone), 1 idiomatic phrase of an unknown origin (ruszać się jak mucha w śmietanie).The textual frequency of appearance of all the collected peculiar lexical phenomena was in total 81 examples.As the analysis denoted, in the second decade of the period between the Wars the language of the editors of Kurier Wileński was less saturated with uniqueness than in the first ten years after the First World War. It could be – yet in the weak form – the result of contact of the Vilnius Region with ethnic Poland lands within one country. Osobliwe analityzmy słownikowe i frazeologizmy w polskojęzycznej wileńskiej prasie międzywojennej. (Na materiale „Kuriera Wileńskiego”)W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono osobliwe analityzmy słownikowe i frazeologizmy funkcjonujące w polszczyźnie „Kuriera Wileńskiego” w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym.Z badanej gazety wyekscerpowano łącznie 50 analityzmów słownikowych (w tym 7 cytatów) i 5 frazeologizmów (w tym 1 cytat).W grupie osobliwych analityzmów dominują rusycyzmy: 31 jednostek. Stosunkowo licznie reprezentowane jest starsze słownictwo ogólnopolskie: 10 jednostek. Sześć spośród nich to elementy recesywne, 4 leksemy należą zaś do leksyki przestarzałej. W badanym dzienniku napotkano 1 jednostkę efemeryczną (narzędzia moczowe) oraz 1 regionalizm (skład apteczny).Geneza 5 osobliwych frazeologizmów wynotowanych z KW przedstawia się następująco: 3 rusycyzmy, 1 ukrainizm lub białorutenizm (duby smalone), 1 frazeologizm o niejasnym pochodzeniu (ruszać się jak mucha w śmietanie).Frekwencja tekstowa wszystkich zgromadzonych osobliwych jednostek leksykalnych była niewielka i wynosiła łącznie 81 wystąpień.Jak wykazała analiza, w drugim dziesięcioleciu okresu międzywojennego język redaktorów KW był nieco mniej nasycony osobliwościami niż w pierwszych latach po I wojnie światowej. Mógł to być – słaby jeszcze – efekt zbliżenia Wileńszczyzny z Polską etniczną w granicach jednego państwa.