A Study of the Level of Recognition of the Literal and Figurative Meanings of the Idiomatic Phrase ‘Eye(s) (눈)’

Eomunhak ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 3-30
Author(s):  
Eok-Jo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Idiomatic Phrase

Observational Learning of Comprehension Monitoring Skills in Children Who Exhibit Mental Retardation

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen K. Ezell ◽  
Howard Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Observational Learning ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Comprehension Monitoring ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Moderate Mental Retardation ◽  
Message Type ◽  
Unfamiliar Word ◽  
Idiomatic Phrase

An observational learning paradigm was used to instruct 5 children with mild or moderate mental retardation to monitor their comprehension of inadequate instructions. Instructions were inadequate because of an interfering signal, an unfamiliar word, excessive length, or an unfamiliar idiomatic phrase. Subjects’ peers served as models during the training. A multiple baseline design across subjects and across instruction types was employed. All subjects learned to request clarification of the first three inadequate instructions; however, none of the children learned to request clarification of idiomatic phrases. Although all children eventually demonstrated observational learning, three children required feedback from the trainer before they began to request clarification for one or two of the instruction types. Two children generalized their requesting behavior to the interfering signal message type, suggesting that generalization may be likely to occur between similar message types. During posttesting all children generalized their requesting behavior when presented with two unfamiliar message types, sometimes using new question forms. Four of the 5 children also generalized their requesting behavior in sessions with their teachers 5–10 weeks later.

scholarly journals Can you reach for the planets or grasp at the stars? – Modified noun, verb, or preposition constituents in idiom processing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Smolka ◽  
Carsten Eulitz
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psycholinguistic Research ◽  
Idiom Comprehension ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Idiomatic Phrase ◽  
Idiom Processing ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Idiomatic Meaning ◽  
Control Sentence

Idioms are a special case of multi-word expressions in that their meaning cannot be compositionally constructed from the meaning of the single constituents. The question of how the idiomatic meaning is assembled remains an unsettled issue in psycholinguistic research. The present study examines whether the figurative meaning of an idiom is recognized if critical idiomatic constituents, such as the noun, verb, or preposition, are modified. In three paraphrase experiments, participants saw (a) the canonical idiomatic phrase (e.g., She reached for the stars), (b) the idiomatic phrase with a modified constituent (e.g., She reached/grasped for/at the stars/planets), or (c) a matched literal control sentence (e.g., She reached for the sweets) and rated on a scale from 1 (not at all) - 7 (completely) how strongly the sentence reflected the meaning of a paraphrase of the idiom (e.g., She has always aspired to unattainable goals). Sentence type and constituent type strongly affected paraphrase ratings with highest ratings for canonical idiomatic phrases, lowest ratings for control sentences, and ratings in between for idioms with modified constituents. Further, idioms with modified verbs were rated higher in matching the figurative meaning than idioms with modified prepositions or nouns. Overall these findings indicate that the figurative meaning was assembled in spite of the modifications. We conclude that idioms are not fully ‘semantically fixed’ but allow for some flexibility in the processing of idioms. Modified constituents that activate meanings similar to those of the canonical constituents will co-activate the figurative meaning of the idiom together with the other idiomatic constituents. We discuss psycholinguistic models on idiom comprehension.

المركّب في اللغة العربية واللغة الإندونيسية : دراسة تحليلية تقابلية

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Nominal Phrase ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Idiomatic Phrase ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Adverbial Phrase ◽  
Research Type

Abstrak: Dalam pembelajaran bahasa kedua dikenal analisis kontrastif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif komparatif, berjenis Library research. Data dihimpun dengan teknik dokumentasi. Adapun analisisnya menggunakan analisis konten dan analisis kontrastif. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan, bahwa terdapat sejumlah jenis frasa serta perbedaan dan persamaan antara frasa dalam BI dan BA. Frasa dalam BI : 1. Frasa setara, 2, frasa bertingkat, 3. Frasa terpadu. 4.Frasa benda setara, 5. Frasa benda bertingkat berstruktur M-D dan DM, 6. Frasa benda terpadu, 7. Frasa kerja berstruktur DM-MD, 8. Frasa sifat berstruktur DM-MD, 9. Frasa preposisi, 10. Frasa keterangan, frasa pronominal, 12. Frasa biasa, 13. Frasa idiomatic dan 14. Frasa ambigu. Sedang dalam BA: 1. Frasa Isnadi, 2. Frasa Idhofi, 3. Frasa bayani mencakup : frasa washfi, frasa taukidi, frasa badali, 4. Frasa ‘adadi, 5. Frasa jarri, 6. Frasa musyari, 7. Frasa munadi, 8. Frasa maushuli, 9. Frasa mazji, 10. Frasa tamyizi, 11. Frasa fi’li, 12. Frasa ‘athfi.Abstract: In the second language learning, known contrastive analysis. This researchuses a comparative descriptive approach, a library research type. The data werecollected by documentation. As for its analysis, using content analysis and contrastive analysis. This research resulted in findings; that there are several types of phrases as well as the differences and similarities between phrases in Indonesian and Arabic. Phrases in Indonesian: 1. Exocentric phrase, 2. Endocentric phrase, 3. Integrated phrase. 4. Exocentric nominal phrase, 5. MD and DM structured nominal phrase, 6. Integrated nominal phrase, 7. DM-MD structured verbal phrase, 8. DM-MD structured adjectival phrase, 9. Prepositional phrase, 10. Adverbial phrase, 11. Pronominal phrase, 12. Simple phrase, 13. Idiomatic phrase and 14. Ambiguous phrase. While in Arabic: 1. Isnadi phrase, 2. Idhofi phrase, 3. The bayani phrases include: washfi phrase, taukidi phrase, badali phrase, 4. ‘Adadi phrase, 5. Jarri  phrase, 6. Mushari phrase, 7. Munadi phrase, 8. Maushuli phrase, 9. Mazji phrase, 10. Tamyizi phrase, 11. Fi’li phrase, 12. ‘Athfi phrase.

11. The Simplified Sign System Lexicon

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-1034
Author(s):  
John D. Bonvillian ◽  
Nicole Kissane Lee ◽  
Tracy T. Dooley ◽  
Filip T. Loncke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Aids ◽  
Sign System ◽  
Vocabulary Item ◽  
Idiomatic Phrase ◽  
Short Memory ◽  
Movement Parameters ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Written Description

Chapter 11 contains the first one thousand signs of the Simplified Sign System lexicon, alphabetized by each sign’s main gloss. Each entry in the lexicon includes a hand-drawn illustration of how that sign is formed, a listing of any synonyms or antonyms related to that sign, and a written description of how the sign is formed (i.e., the handshape(s), palm orientation(s), finger/knuckle orientation(s), location, and movement parameters of the sign). Also provided are a short memory aid to help learners remember the sign’s formation and a longer memory aid that describes the visual and iconic link between how the sign is physically formed and the meaning it conveys. Many of the longer memory aids also include a definition of the main gloss and some of that sign’s synonyms. If users of the system wish to look up a particular vocabulary item, term, or idiomatic phrase, an alphabetized Sign Index that integrates all of the main sign glosses with all of their listed synonyms and antonyms is provided at the end of the volume. This Sign Index directs readers to the page that contains the main sign entry, its written description, and its memory aids.

לרב AS AN IDIOMATIC PHRASE

1959 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-59
Author(s):  
G. GERLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Idiomatic Phrase

Literal salience in on-line processing of idiomatic expressions by second language learners

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Cieślicka
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Lexical Priming ◽  
Stimulus Sentence ◽  
Idiomatic Expressions ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Idiomatic Phrase ◽  
On Line

This article addresses the question of how second language (L2) learners understand idiomatic expressions in their second/foreign language and advances the proposition that literal meanings of idiom constituents enjoy processing priority over their figurative interpretations. This suggestion forms the core of the literal-salience resonant model of L2 idiom comprehension, whose major assumptions are outlined in the article. On the literal salience view, understanding L2 idioms entails an obligatory computation of the literal meanings of idiom constituent words, even if these idioms are embedded in a figurative context and if their idiomatic interpretation is well-known to L2 learners. The literal salience assumption was put to the test in a cross-modal lexical priming experiment with advanced Polish learners of English. The experiment showed more priming for visual targets related to literal meanings of idiom constituent words than for targets related figuratively to the metaphoric interpretation of the idiomatic phrase. This effect held true irrespective of whether the stimulus sentence contained a literal or a non-literal idiom.

scholarly journals Osobliwe analityzmy słownikowe i frazeologizmy w polskojęzycznej wileńskiej prasie międzywojennej. (Na materiale „Kuriera Wileńskiego”)

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 153-171
Author(s):  
Joanna Joachimiak-Prażanowska
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Large Group ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Idiomatic Phrase ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Group 10 ◽  
First World

Specific dictionary analytisms and idiomatic phrases in the Polish interwar Vilnius press (on the basis of the “Kurier Wileński”)This article presents specific dictionary analytisms and idiomatic phrases used in the Polish language of Kurier Wileński in the interwar period.I have found 50 dictionary analytisms (7 citations included) and 5 idioms (1 citation included).Amongst specific analytisms the Russicisms  dominate: 31 items. Older Polish vocabulary creates a large group: 10 items. Six out of these phrases stand for recessive elements, four – are a part of obsolete lexis. One ephemeral unit (narzędzia moczowe) and one regionalism (skład apteczny) have appeared.The genesis of 5 unique idiomatic phrases excerpted from Kurier Wileński is shown in a following way: 3 Russicisms, 1 Ukrainian or Bielarusian borrowing (duby smalone), 1 idiomatic phrase of an unknown origin (ruszać się jak mucha w śmietanie).The textual frequency of appearance of all the collected peculiar lexical phenomena was in total 81 examples.As the analysis denoted, in the second decade of the period between the Wars the language of the editors of Kurier Wileński was less saturated with uniqueness than in the first ten years after the First World War. It could be – yet in the weak form – the result of contact of the Vilnius Region with ethnic Poland lands within one country. Osobliwe analityzmy słownikowe i frazeologizmy w polskojęzycznej wileńskiej prasie międzywojennej. (Na materiale „Kuriera Wileńskiego”)W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono osobliwe analityzmy słownikowe i frazeologizmy funkcjonujące w polszczyźnie „Kuriera Wileńskiego” w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym.Z badanej gazety wyekscerpowano łącznie 50 analityzmów słownikowych (w tym 7 cytatów) i 5 frazeologizmów (w tym 1 cytat).W grupie osobliwych analityzmów dominują rusycyzmy: 31 jednostek. Stosunkowo licznie reprezentowane jest starsze słownictwo ogólnopolskie: 10 jednostek. Sześć spośród nich to elementy recesywne, 4 leksemy należą zaś do leksyki przestarzałej. W badanym dzienniku napotkano 1 jednostkę efemeryczną (narzędzia moczowe) oraz 1 regionalizm (skład apteczny).Geneza 5 osobliwych frazeologizmów wynotowanych z KW przedstawia się następująco: 3 rusycyzmy, 1 ukrainizm lub białorutenizm (duby smalone), 1 frazeologizm o niejasnym pochodzeniu (ruszać się jak mucha w śmietanie).Frekwencja tekstowa wszystkich zgromadzonych osobliwych jednostek leksykalnych była niewielka i wynosiła łącznie 81 wystąpień.Jak wykazała analiza, w drugim dziesięcioleciu okresu międzywojennego język redaktorów KW był nieco mniej nasycony osobliwościami niż w pierwszych latach po I wojnie światowej. Mógł to być – słaby jeszcze – efekt zbliżenia Wileńszczyzny z Polską etniczną w granicach jednego państwa.                                                              

scholarly journals Lost in Machine Translation: Contextual Linguistic Uncertainty

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-144
Author(s):  
Anton Sukhoverkhov ◽  
Dorothy DeWitt ◽  
Ioannis Manasidi ◽  
Keiko Nitta ◽  
Vladimir Krstić
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Idiomatic Phrase ◽  
National Languages ◽  
Translation Systems

The article considers the issues related to the semantic, grammatical, stylistic and technical difficulties currently present in machine translation and compares its four main approaches: Rule-based (RBMT), Corpora-based (CBMT), Neural (NMT), and Hybrid (HMT). It also examines some "open systems", which allow the correction or augmentation of content by the users themselves ("crowdsourced translation"). The authors of the article, native speakers presenting different countries (Russia, Greece, Malaysia, Japan and Serbia), tested the translation quality of the most representative phrases from the English, Russian, Greek, Malay and Japanese languages by using different machine translation systems: PROMT (RBMT), Yandex. Translate (HMT) and Google Translate (NMT). The test results presented by the authors show low "comprehension level" of semantic, linguistic and pragmatic contexts of translated texts, mistranslations of rare and culture-specific words,unnecessary translation of proper names, as well as a low rate of idiomatic phrase and metaphor recognition. It is argued that the development of machine translation requires incorporation of literal, conceptual, and content-and-contextual forms of meaning processing into text translation expansion of metaphor corpora and contextological dictionaries, and implementation of different types and styles of translation, which take into account gender peculiarities, specific dialects and idiolects of users. The problem of untranslatability ('linguistic relativity') of the concepts, unique to a particular culture, has been reviewed from the perspective of machine translation. It has also been shown, that the translation of booming Internet slang, where national languages merge with English, is almost impossible without human correction.

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