Analisis Gerak Lokomotor Dalam Permainan Tradisional dalam Permainan Hadang Kelas B1 Usia 5-6 Tahun Di PAUD Negeri Pembina 1 Kota Ternate

This research aims to describe locomotor motion in the traditional game of Block in Group B1 PAUD Negeri Pembina 1 Ternate City students. This type of research is qualitative research. The research subjects were 4 students of group B1 in PAUD Negeri Pembina 1 Ternate city. Data collection techniques used were observation, documentation and interviews with 2 teachers. Analysis of the research data used is a qualitative analysis technique which consists of data collection, data reduction and data verification/conclusion. This study has 1 variable, namely locomotor motion in the hitch game in which there are the following indicators: 1) changing places. 2) running and 3) jumping. The results showed that there was locomotor movement in the traditional game of Block played by students at PAUD Negeri Pembina 1 Ternate City. Based on the results of the analysis conducted by researchers of locomotor motion in the traditional game of Block played by students at PAUD Negeri Pembina 1 Ternate City is developing very well, this is evidenced by the results of direct observations by researchers who show that 4 students can play the blockade game and perform locomotor movements very well. The development of good locomotor motion in early childhood can be done by holding a traditional game development program because it is not only good for children's but can also participate in preserving traditional games that are rarely played by children today. Keywords: Locomotor Movement, Traditional Game Of Block, Children

Morphological and Behavioral Effects in Zebrafish Embryos after Exposure to Smoke Dyes

Solvent Violet 47 (SV47) and Disperse Blue 14 (DB14) are two anthraquinone dyes that were previously used in different formulations for the production of violet-colored smoke. Both dyes have shown potential for toxicity; however, there is no comprehensive understanding of their effects. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to SV47 or DB14 from 6 to 120 h post fertilization (hpf) to assess the dyes’ potential adverse effects on developing embryos. The potential ability of both dyes to cross the blood–brain barrier was also assessed. At concentrations between 0.55 and 5.23 mg/L, SV47 showed a dose-dependent increase in mortality, jaw malformation, axis curvature, and edemas. At concentrations between 0.15 and 7.54 mg/L, DB14 did not have this same dose-dependence but had similar morphological outcomes at the highest doses. Nevertheless, while SV47 showed significant mortality from 4.20 mg/L, there was no significant mortality on embryos exposed to DB14. Regardless, decreased locomotor movement was observed at all concentrations of DB14, suggesting an adverse neurodevelopmental effect. Overall, our results showed that at similar concentrations, SV47 and DB14 caused different types of phenotypic effects in zebrafish embryos.

IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS MEDIA KREATIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN GERAK LOKOMOTOR PADA SISWA KELAS 3 SEKOLAH DASAR

The objectives of this pre-experimental study are: (1) to describe the effectiveness of learning by applying creative media on material of basic locomotor movement, (2) to compare the result of basic locomotor movement abilities between students who learn by implementing creative media and by implementing conventional media. This research is a pre-experimental study applying Pretest-Posttest Design. During the research, its subject was given a pre-test and post-test experiment. Conventional learning was provided for the control group, while creative media learning was provided for the experimental group, then data of locomotor movement ability was recorded. The data was analyzed by using SPSS to answer the problem statement. The results of this research are obtained as follows: (1) Learning process of basic locomotor movement by implementing creative media is effective for 3rd grade students of elementary school. (2) Its effectiveness can be referred from the observation results towards learning process of most students considered in good category, completeness learning of the students is greater as many as 19 students or 58%, compared to conventional learning as many as 12 students or 36%. (3) The average test result of the students’ basic locomotor movement ability using creative media is 2.06, while the average ability of students using conventional learning media is 1.86.

Anxiolytic Potency of Cardamonin Mediated through Brain GABAergic System

Anxiety is an ailment causing personal, social and economic burden. Some drugs are available to provide symptomatic assistance for the treatment of anxiety and attempts are being made to find new therapeutic entities and subside associated adverse effects. Approaching natural sources, the current study aims to investigate the anxiolytic effects of cardamonin and its effect on the brain GABAergic system. The anxiolytic effects of various dose of cardamonin were investigated using the elevated plus maze apparatus and possible motor disabilities were evaluated trough open field test. Possible impact on GABAergic system was investigated using the ELISA. Fourteen days treatment with cardamonin (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice significantly (p < 0.0001) increased and the percentages of open arm entry and open arm time compared to respective vehicle control group. Cardamonin show no influence on gross locomotor movement in open field test. Treatment with cardamonin significantly (p < 0.0001) increased levels of GABA in brain of treated mice compared to control mice. This study provided evidence on the anxiolytic potency of the cardamonin and revealed its action mechanism of regulating the GABA level in mouse brain.

Improving Non-Locomotor Movement Through Instructional Leadership Metode In Retarded Children

This study uses a qualitative method, with data collection methods using interviews and observations, The application of the researcher collects retarded children and then gives direction regarding the implementation of the correct heating movement which starts from head to foot. This research was conducted on July 20 - September 25 2018 at Padang Perwari Special School , Sumatera Barat. The informants in this study were teachers who taught at an extraordinary school in Padang Perwari which amounted to 3 people, with research subjects amounting to 30 mentally disabled students. In this research treatment, learning is done using the Instructional Leadership method. The researchers' preliminary findings indicate several problems regarding non-locomotor motion in mentally retarded children. Then the form of completion is given by using the Instructional Leadership method and the result is an increase and ease of student learning in carrying out non-locomotor movements.

Sleep and Motor Control by a Basal Ganglia Circuit

From invertebrates to humans, a defining feature of sleep is behavioral immobility(Campbell and Tobler, 1984; Hendricks et al., 2000; Shaw et al., 2000). In mammals, diminished electromyographic (EMG) activity is a major criterion for both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. However, the relationship between sleep and motor control at the neuronal level remains poorly understood. Here we show that regions of the basal ganglia long known to be essential for motor suppression also play a key role in sleep generation. Optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of GABAergic neurons in mouse substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) strongly increased both REM and NREM sleep, whereas their inactivation suppressed sleep and increased wakefulness. Analysis of natural home-cage behavior showed that mice transition sequentially through several behavioral states: locomotion, non-locomotor movement, quiet wakefulness, and sleep. Activation/inactivation of SNr neurons promoted/suppressed sleep by biasing the direction of progression through the natural behavioral sequence. Virus-mediated circuit tracing showed that SNr GABAergic neurons project to multiple wake-promoting monoaminergic cell groups in addition to the thalamus and mesencephalic locomotor region, and activating each projection promoted sleep. Within the thalamus, direct optogenetic inactivation of glutamatergic neurons is sufficient to enhance sleep, but the effect is largely restricted to the regions receiving SNr projection. Furthermore, a major source of excitatory inputs to the SNr is the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and activation of neurotensin-expressing glutamatergic neurons in the STN also promoted sleep. Together, these results demonstrate a key role of the STN-SNr basal ganglia pathway in sleep generation and reveal a novel circuit mechanism linking sleep and motor control.