Tripartition and the Spirited “Part” of the Soul

Chapter 1 defends the seriousness of Plato’s commitment to the tripartite theory of the soul that he presents in the Republic, Phaedrus, and Timaeus. This defense constitutes a response to skeptical commentators who suggest his investment in tripartite psychology, and especially in a spirited part of that psychology, is unserious, tentative, or temporary. It also surveys the language Plato uses to describe the different “parts” of the soul, and it sketches an interpretation of tripartition according to which each of the three parts is a distinct source of the psychic motions and motivations that cause and explain human action. The spirited part of the soul, on this interpretation, is one such source of motivation.

Evolution of mafic lavas in Central Anatolia: Mantle source domains

We present new Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic data on mafic lavas from the Sivas, Develidağ, Erciyes, and Erkilet volcanic complexes in central Turkey and Tendürek in eastern Turkey to evaluate the mantle sources for volcanism in the context of the geodynamic evolution of the Anatolian microplate. Early Miocene through Quaternary volcanism in Western Anatolia and latest Miocene through Quaternary activity in Central Anatolia were dominated by contributions from two distinct source regions: heterogeneous metasomatized or subduction-modified lithosphere, and roughly homogeneous sublithospheric ambient upper mantle; we model the source contributions through mixing between three end members. The sublithospheric mantle source plots close to the Northern Hemisphere reference line (NHRL) with radiogenic 206Pb/204Pb of ~19.15, while the other contributions plot substantially above the NHRL in Pb isotope space. The lithospheric source is heterogeneous, resulting from variable pollution by subduction-related processes likely including direct incorporation of sediment and/or mélange; its range in radiogenic isotopes is defined by regional oceanic sediment and ultrapotassic melts of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. The geochemical impact of this contribution is disproportionately large, given that subduction-modified lithosphere and/or ocean sediment dominates the Pb isotope signatures of mafic Anatolian lavas. Subduction of the Aegean or Tethyan seafloor, associated with marked crustal shortening, took place throughout the region until ca. 16–17 Ma, after which time broad delamination of the thickened lower crust and/or the Tethyan slab beneath Central Anatolia allowed for sediment and/or mélange and slab-derived fluids to be released into the overlying evolving modified mantle. Aggregation of melts derived from both mantle and lithospheric domains was made possible by upwelling of warm asthenospheric material moving around and through the complexly torn younger Aegean-Cyprean slab that dips steeply to the north beneath southern Anatolia.

A Study of the Extragalactic UV Radiation in Helix Nebula using GALEX

We have studied the ultraviolet sources using Galaxy Evolution Explorer medium imaging surveys in Helix Nebula and estimated UV fluxes by using aperture photometry in distant and near ultraviolet bands. The aperture photometric method produces reliable, accurate flux measurements and found inconsistent with the merged catalog of Galaxy Evolution Explorer. From the current results, the fluxes are consistent with brighter absolute magnitude up to 24.5 and the measurement error increases gradually to more than 50 % at the fainter magnitude side. Percentage of error in far UV is greater than near UV, due to the fact that brighter galaxies are more visible than the near UV sources. The diffuse UV contributors of zodiacal light, airglow contribution in the nebula were estimated. The total extragalactic UV radiation from the detected sources to the diffuse background in the nebula is of the order of 50 ± 14 photons cm-2sr-1s-1Å-1 in NUV band and 28 ±10 photons cm-2sr-1s-1Å-1 in FUV band. HIGHLIGHTS GALEX observations have the potential to find extragalactic UV sources Helix Nebula is first identified for distinct source detection Aperture photometric method can detect fainter sources up to the magnitude of 27 Extragalactic sources in the Helix nebula contribute to diffuse UV emission in the nebula GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Chemical and isotopic characterization of the thermal fluids emerging along the North–Northeastern Greece

Hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of fluids from major geothermal fields of middle/low temperature in N/NE Greece are examined [basins: Strymon River (SR), Nestos River Delta (ND), Xanthi–Komotini (XK), Loutros–Feres–Soufli (LFS) and Rhodope Massif]. The geodynamic context is reflected to isotopic/chemical composition of fluids, heat flow values and elevated CO2 concentrations in emitted fluids. B and Li are derived from leaching of the geothermal systems hosting rocks. δ18OH2O, δ18OSO4, δ13CCO2 values and chemical compositions of Cl, B and Li of geothermal discharges suggest two distinct source fluids. Fluids in SR exhibit high B/Cl and Li/Cl ratios, suggesting these constituents are derived from associated magmas of intermediate composition (andesitic rocks). Geothermal discharges in LFS exhibit low B/Cl and Li/Cl ratios, implying acid (rhyolitic) magmatism. δ13CCO2 and CO2/(CO2 + 105He) ratios in the west part, suggest fluids affected by addition of volatiles released from subducted marine sediments. For the eastern systems, these ratios suggest gas encountered in systems issued from mixing of crustal and mantle-derived volatiles. Isotopic geothermometers reflect, for the same direction, equilibrium processes more (LFS, XK) or less (SR) pronounced and discriminate the geothermal field from low to middle [SR, ND (Erasmio)] and middle to high enthalpy [ND (Eratino), LFS, XK].

Evolution of Seismicity During a Stalled Episode of Reawakening at Cayambe Volcano, Ecuador

Cayambe Volcano is an ice-capped, 5,790 m high, andesitic-dacitic volcanic complex, located on the equator in the Eastern Cordillera of the Ecuadorian Andes. An eruption at Cayambe would pose considerable hazards to surrounding communities and a nationally significant agricultural industry. Although the only historically documented eruption was in 1785, it remains persistently restless and long-period (LP) seismicity has been consistently observed at the volcano for over 10 years. However, the sparse monitoring network, and complex interactions between the magmatic, hydrothermal, glacial, and tectonic systems, make unrest at Cayambe challenging to interpret. In June 2016 a seismic “crisis” began at Cayambe, as rates of high frequency volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes increased to hundreds of events per day, leading to speculation about the possibility of a forthcoming eruption. The crisis began 2 months after the Mw7.8 Pedernales earthquake, which occurred on the coast, 200 km from Cayambe. Here we show that the 2016 seismicity at Cayambe resulted from four distinct source processes. Cross correlation, template matching, and spectral analysis isolate two source regions for VT earthquakes–tectonic events from a regional fault system and more varied VTs from beneath the volcanic cone. The temporal evolution of the LP seismicity, and mean Q value of 9.9, indicate that these events are most likely generated by flow of hydrothermal fluids. These observations are consistent with a model where a new pulse of magma ascent initially stresses regional tectonic faults, and subsequently drives elevated VT seismicity in the edifice. We draw comparisons from models of volcano-tectonic interactions, and speculate that static stress changes from the Pedernales earthquake put Cayambe volcano in an area of dilation, providing a mechanism for magma ascent. Our findings provide a better understanding of “background” seismicity at Cayambe allowing faster characterization of future crises, and a benchmark to measure changes driven by rapid glacial retreat.

Viruses of Extremely Halophilic Prokaryotes

As viruses are known to be the most distinct source of biodiversity, it is not surprising that they are the most abundant biological group in hypersaline environments such as aquatic systems which have saturated salt concentrations. However, of more than 6000 known prokaryote viruses less than 100 are considered to be extremely halophilic (salt loving) and have the ability to infect bacteria. Combination of information obtained from culture dependent and culture independent methods allow better understanding of these viruses. This review will update the advances in halophilic viruses and its impact on the bacteriophage studies.

Low frequency seismic source investigation in volcanic environment: the Mt. Vesuvius atypical case

We present a detailed analysis of the low frequency seismicity occurred at Mt. Vesuvius in the time range 2003–2018. This kind of seismicity is atypical for the volcano and poorly studied, therefore we characterized it in terms of spectral analysis, waveform cross-correlation, location and polarization properties. The different decay patterns of the spectra, the existence of both earthquake families as well as single events, the relatively wide seismogenic volume inferred from the locations and polarization features, indicate that the events are caused by distinct source mechanisms: slow brittle failure in dry rocks and resonance of fluid-filled cracks. On these basis, we classified the earthquakes as Low Frequency (LF) and Long Period (LP). Despite the differences between the two classes, both the event types are ascribable to the dynamics of the deep hydrothermal reservoir which induces variations of the fluid pore pressure in the medium. The fluid amount involved in the generation process, as well as the physical-chemical properties of the surrounding rocks are the essential factors that control the occurrence of a mechanism rather than the other.

Constitutionalism and Crisis Narratives in Post-Brexit Politics

The Brexit vote has sparked renewed criticism of the United Kingdom’s ad hoc constitutional arrangements, particularly in relation to the status of popular sovereignty. While the people is politically recognised as ‘sovereign’ through the apparent unassailability of its referendum verdict, this sovereignty has no legal foundation or form – thus giving it an elusive, indefinite character. In turn, legal commentators have argued that the lack of a clear conceptual framework for constitutional referendums aggravated the political crisis that followed the vote and that the uncertain nature and authority of referendums represents a distinct source of constitutional crisis in its own right. In this article, I consider how this ‘constitutionalist critique’ of the Brexit referendum, and its ad hoc constitutional framework, reflects a particular conception of liberal constitutionalism as a bulwark against the hazards and vicissitudes of unstructured popular sovereignty. I will argue that this perspective overestimates the capacity of constitutional law to regulate expressions of popular sovereignty via referendums, that it misconceives the character and claim of popular sovereignty more generally, and that it reflects certain characteristics of liberal legalism in its stance towards politics and political contingency.

Changes in chiral monoterpenes during drought in a rainforest reveal distinct source mechanisms

<p>Monoterpenes are used by plants as antioxidants in the defense against reactive oxygen species and are also contributors to the formation of secondary organic aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei. Understanding how the emissions of monoterpenes from biogenic sources change due to different stresses such as drought is of importance as more frequent drought events are expected to occur in the future due to climate change. Monoterpenes such as alpha pinene and limonene exist as optical isomers in mirror image forms, (+) and (-). Studies on the effect of different stresses on plant emissions commonly measure the sum of enantiomers rather than conducting separate measurements for the individual enantiomers [1]. Recent measurements of chiral monoterpenes have highlighted the importance of independently measuring the individual enantiomers of a chiral pair, due to differences such as environmental drivers [2] and local measurement source [3]. Despite the enantiomers of the same monoterpene having the same chemical properties, they can interact differently with biologically active chiral molecules such as those that exist as olfactory receptors within insect antennae [4].</p><p>The atmospheric dynamics of chiral monoterpenes from beneath the canopy of the tropical rainforest biome at Biosphere 2, Arizona, USA, were measured during pre-drought, drought and rewetting using an online GC-MS during the B2 Water, Atmosphere and Life Dynamics campaign (B2WALD). Furthermore, sorbent tube samples were obtained from different forest compartments, to investigate the compartment specific chiral VOC emission. Drought was found to be a driver of a change in the enantiomeric excess of specific monoterpenes. (-) alpha pinene was the dominant monoterpene present in agreement with results from the Amazonian rainforest despite there being no atmospheric chemistry in the Biosphere greenhouse. Interestingly, during the pre-drought phase, due to the conditions in the greenhouse, (-) alpha pinene showed an average daily maximum at 11:00 while (+) alpha pinene peaked at 15:00, coincident with peak light and temperature respectively. By the rewet phase, the average daily maximum for (-) alpha pinene shifted to 13:00, coincident with peak Isoprene, whilst it remained at 15:00 for (+) alpha pinene. The average maximum daily mixing ratios of (+) and (-) alpha pinene, during the drought phase, increased by a factor of 4 and 2 respectively, when compared to the pre-drought values. These results reveal distinct source mechanisms for individual enantiomers and the differing impact drought has on the individual enantiomers in a rainforest ecosystem.</p><p> </p><p> </p><ol><li>Lavoir, A.V., et al., Drought reduced monoterpene emissions from the evergreen Mediterranean oak <em>Quercus ilex</em>: results from a throughfall displacement experiment. Biogeosciences, 2009. <strong>6</strong>(7): p. 1167-1180.</li> <li>Song, W., et al., Laboratory and field measurements of enantiomeric monoterpene emissions as a function of chemotype, light and temperature. Biogeosciences, 2014. <strong>11</strong>(5): p. 1435-1447.</li> <li>Staudt, M., et al., Compartment specific chiral pinene emissions identified in a Maritime pine forest. Science of The Total Environment, 2019. <strong>654</strong>: p. 1158-1166.</li> <li>Wibe, A., et al., Enantiomeric Composition of Monoterpene Hydrocarbons in Some Conifers and Receptor Neuron Discrimination of α-Pinene and Limonene Enantiomers in the Pine Weevil, Hylobius abietis. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1998. <strong>24</strong>(2): p. 273-287.</li> </ol><p> </p>

The distribution and mitochondrial genotype of the hydroid Aglaophenia latecarinata is correlated with its pelagic Sargassum substrate type in the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic Ocean

The pelagic brown macroalga Sargassum supports rich biological communities in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic region, including a variety of epiphytic invertebrates that grow on the Sargassum itself. The thecate hydroid Aglaophenia latecarinata is commonly found growing on some, but not all, Sargassum forms. In this study, we examined the relationship between A. latecarinata and its pelagic Sargassum substrate across a broad geographic area over the course of 4 years (2015–2018). The distribution of the most common Sargassum forms that we observed (Sargassum fluitans III and S. natans VIII) was consistent with the existence of distinct source regions for each. We found that A. latecarinata hydroids were abundant on both S. natans VIII and S. fluitans III, and also noted a rare observation of A. latecarinata on S. natans I. For the hydroids on S. natans VIII and S. fluitans III, hydroid mitochondrial genotype was strongly correlated with the Sargassum substrate form. We found significant population genetic structure in the hydroids, which was also consistent with the distributional patterns of the Sargassum forms. These results suggest that hydroid settlement on the Sargassum occurs in type-specific Sargassum source regions. Hydroid species identification is challenging and cryptic speciation is common in the Aglaopheniidae. Therefore, to confirm our identification of A. latecarinata, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis that showed that while the genus Aglaophenia was not monophyletic, all A. latecarinata haplotypes associated with pelagic Sargassum belonged to the same clade and were likely the same species as previously published sequences from Florida, Central America, and one location in Brazil (São Sebastião). A nominal A. latecarinata sequence from a second Brazilian location (Alagoas) likely belongs to a different species.