Silver/chitosan/ascorbic acid nanocomposites ameliorate diabetic nephropathy in the model of type 1 diabetes

Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate anti-diabetic properties of AgNPs/chitosan/ascorbic acid nanocomposites (Ag-NCs) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Main methods: Eighteen male Wistar albino rats were divided into three main groups (6 rats/group); control, diabetic and Ag-NCs groups. Control group: after a single dose of citrate buffer (0.1 mol/l, i.p), the rats orally received 1 ml distilled water daily for four weeks. The diabetic model was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p) for type 1diabetes. Diabetic groups were treated orally with and Ag-NCs (0.25mg/Kg body weight) daily for four weeks. Key findings: AgNPs/chitosan/ascorbic acid nanocomposite group showed a reduction in the concentrations of glucose, NO, MDA, creatinine, urea and uric acid. At the same time, it appeared a general increase in insulin, CAT, and SOD activities and GSH concentration. The histopathological investigation illustrated a clear improvement in renal architecture. Significance: The suggested mechanism of action for Ag-NCs in decreasing diabetic nephropathy includes two pathways; the hypoglycemic activity and the antioxidant role of Ag-NCs

The Role of GAD65 Autoantibodies in the development of Type-1 Diabetes

The finding of the autoantibodies to islet cells (ICAs) in type-1 diabetes patients is important for developing the fine tuning of individualized therapy. Antibody to Glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD65Ab) is the most reliable sign, since it has the most stable sensitivity as diagnostic tool for detecting type-1diabetes. As a key enzyme in gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis, GAD65 damage caused by GAD65 antibodies (GAD65Abs) would lead to decrease in the amount of GABA vesicles released by b-cells. Decrease of GAD65 induced by GAD65Ab may endanger the paracrine or autocrine function of GABA, that mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAAR) would depolarized the b-cells. The depolarization then increases intracellular Calsium (Ca2+) concentration that is needed for insulin release. The effect of GABA on b-cells is also important for proliferation and anti-apoptosis of b-cells. Moreover, decrease in GABA release also impairs the inhibiting effect of GABA on T-cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokines release that may end up with escalation of GAD65 damage.Keywords: Type-1 diabetes, autoantibody, GAD65Peran Autoantibodi GAD65 dalam Perkembangan Diabetes Tipe-1AbstractPenemuan autoantibodi terhadap sel pulau atau islet cells (ICA) pada pasien diabetes tipe-1 penting untuk mengembangkan penyesuaian terapi individual. Antibodi terhadap Glutamat dekarboksilase 2 (GAD65Ab) adalah tanda yang paling dapat diandalkan, karena memiliki sensitivitas yang paling stabil sebagai alat diagnostik untuk mendeteksi diabetes tipe-1. Sebagai enzim kunci dalam sintesis asam gamma-aminobutirat (GABA), kerusakan GAD65 yang disebabkan oleh antibodi GAD65 (GAD65Abs) akan menyebabkan penurunan jumlah vesikel GABA yang dilepaskan oleh sel. Penurunan GAD65 yang diinduksi oleh GAD65Ab dapat membahayakan fungsi parakrin atau autokrin GABA, yang dimediasi oleh reseptor asam γ-aminobutirat tipe A (GABAAR) akan mendepolarisasi sel. Depolarisasi kemudian meningkatkan konsentrasi kalsium (Ca2+) intraseluler yang diperlukan untuk pelepasan insulin. Efek GABA pada sel beta juga penting untuk proliferasi dan anti-apoptosis sel beta. Selain itu, penurunan pelepasan GABA juga merusak efek penghambatan GABA pada proliferasi sel T dan pelepasan sitokin inflamasi yang mungkin berakhir dengan peningkatan kerusakan GAD65.Kata kunci: Diabetes tipe-1, autoantibodi, GAD65

Response of People with Type 1 Diabetes for Follow Up

Diabetes is becoming a global epidemic. Type1 diabetes (T1DM) accounts for 3-5% of all the diabetics. As T1DMis diagnosed in childhood and adolescence, it is associated with more complications because of longer life span ofindividuals with this condition. The main objective of the study was to find out attitudes of people with type 1diabetes especially with regards to their follow up. A cross-sectional study was planned and a total of 97 people withtype 1 diabetes were included for a period of one year. To analyze the data SPSS 20.0 version was used. Resultsshowed that out of 97 people, 48 (49.5%) were male and 49 (50.5%) were female. The mean age of total type 1diabetics were 17.03±6.54 years. Mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 10.59±3.09. The results revealed that45% of people showed positive attitude and 55% showed negative behavior towards follow-up. It was concludedthat overall follow up of people with type 1 diabetes was poor. It was observed that they wanted a complete cure andthis contribute to missed follow up.

A Review on the role of BCG Vaccine in type-1diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is outlined by mistreatment of continual hyperglycemia and proteins, weakened sugars, and lipids digestion as a result of overall or incomplete inadequacy of hypoglycemic agent discharge or doubtlessly hypoglycemic agent hobby. Two types of Diabetes mellitus less common "INSULIN DEPENDENT" and most common "NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT". Vaccines constitute a useful contribution to the branch of biotechnology as they supply protection in opposition to numerous sicknesses. All organisms are liable to one or greater styles of infectious and noninfectious sicknesses throughout their lifestyles. To save you those infection researchers discovered plant-primarily based vaccine which is an immune-biological substance, used for particular protection in opposition to each infectious and noninfectious illnesses. Use of vaccines for the diabetic patient will reduce the inflectional disease caused by diabetes, but it not prevents diabetes. Because the polygenic disease is of unconventional immune mechanisms, and vaccines act with the help of making a defence to numerous pathogens and some vaccines (in specific BCG) had been studied to seem if they supply safety in opposing to polygenic disease. In animal experiments, BCG will appear to be protecting con to polygenic disorder, but researchers have not been able to translate this profit to humans. The establishment of an Institution was initiated by the Australian Government Department of the diabetes institution.

Treatment and Remission of Symptoms in Type 1 Diabetes with a Nutrient-Dense, Plant-Rich (NDPR) Diet: Case Studies

Type 1diabetes (T1D), in contrast to type 2 diabetes, is an autoimmune disease rather than a lifestyle disease. However, diet and lifestyle factors such as nutrient density, glycemic load, fiber intake, and exercise do affect glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, and risk of complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients with T1D may be able to reduce insulin requirements and achieve better glycemic control if practicing dietary methods to increase plant fibers and micronutrient density, and decrease glycemic load. We propose that anti-inflammatory effects of foods central to a nutrient-dense, plant-rich (NDPR) diet –vegetables, legumes, nuts and seeds, and lower-sugar fruits – may slow or prevent further destruction of beta cells if dietary intervention is initiated early enough. Herein, we present three cases of patients with T1D who have adopted a NDPR diet at varying times following T1D diagnosis. One patient who began a NDPR diet at age 3 immediately following diagnosis has not yet required insulin therapy nearly three years after diagnosis, and has experienced a steady decline in autoantibody levels. Another child who began a NDPR diet several months after diagnosis maintains a low dose of insulin, a favorable HbA1c, and more consistent blood glucose readings. A patient in his mid-40s who began a NDPR diet 13 years after T1D diagnosis, dramatically reduced insulin requirements and C-reactive protein and maintains favorable HbA1c and cardiovascular markers.

College-Bound: Transition Planning Strategies for Students With Type 1 Diabetes

Transition planning is mandated for students who receive special education services; however, it is not required for students with chronic conditions. Students with chronic conditions nearing graduation would benefit from more intensive attention to their post–high school self-care needs and responsibilities. Students with type 1 diabetes must be able to understand the necessary self-care of one of the most complicated and intensive chronic conditions yet there are no evidence-based strategies for how to help students transition from the support provided at school to independence at graduation. The need for a student with type 1diabetes to independently manage their diabetes is even greater as the student leaves home for college. School nurses, who are also certified diabetes educators, created a support group for seniors with type 1 diabetes. The group focused on life after high school and provided the students with a detailed checklist to help improve knowledge and prepare students for the transition to college. Participants felt better prepared to move on to college armed with their checklist and other resources to help when away from home.

Effect of use of insulin pump with low glucose suspend feature on metabolic control in children with type 1diabetes

Introduction. The automatic suspension of the insulin pump and discontinuationof insulin delivery in case of hypoglycemia is one of the features ofVeo insulin pump when it is connected with the sensor used for continuousmonitoring of glycemia (CGM). This type of therapy is currently consideredto be the best one for achieving a good metabolic control in children withtype 1 diabetes mellitus. The objective of the study was to check whetherthe use of an option for automatic suspension in case of hypoglycemia andcombined bolus affects the metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetesmellitus using the insulin pump for a three-month period.Methods. The study included 25 participants (13 girls and 12 boys), aged7 to 15 years with average age 11.88 ± 3.15 years and average diabetes durationof 6.12 ± 2.5 years. On average, the participants have already beenusing the insulin pump Paradigm Veo TM MMT-754 for 3.08 ± 1.73 years.The measurements of HbA1c were done at the beginning of the study, thenafter three and six months.Results. The percentage of glucose serum levels above 7.8 mmol/L insignificantlyincreased, while the percentage of glucose serum levels below3.9 mmol/L decreased during the three-month period of CGM wearing.The initial HbA1c was 7.53 ± 0.87%. After three months of wearing, CGMHbA1c showed a slight decrease to 7.48 ± 0.73%, while at the follow-up afteranother three months without CGM HbA1c increased to 7.57 ± 0.98%.Conclusion. This study shows that the use of an insulin pump with the optionof automatic suspension in case of hypoglycemia and combined bolusis only associated with a certain improvement in the metabolic controlafter three months of continuous wearing without increasing the risk ofhypoglycemia.

Good Questions 3

Scientific publications can be misinterpreted in newsletters and the popular press. Some misinterpretations could lead to inappropriate choices related to health, and thus create serious risks. Who should correct misinterpretations? This editorial raises the question with an example related to infant feeding practices and the risk of type 1diabetes. A major study found no difference in diabetes risk with using two different types of infant formula. Many people mistakenly interpreted that study as meaning that all infant formula has no impact on diabetes risk. That is not what the study showed