Application of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rock–Eval Analysis for the Evaluation of Middle Eastern Petroleum Source Rock

In this study, collected samples of nine different wells from the Middle East are used for various geochemical analyses to determine the hydrocarbon generation potential. The determination is carried out following the grain density, specific surface area, XRD, and Rock–Eval pyrolysis analyses. Four different types of kerogen are plotted based on the Rock–Eval analysis result. Kerogen type I usually has high hydrogen index (e.g., HI > 700) and low oxygen index, which is considered oil-bearing. Kerogen Type II has hydrogen index between type I and type II and oxygen index higher than type I (e.g., 350 < HI < 700) and is also considered to have oil-bearing potential. Kerogen type III has a lower hydrogen index (e.g., HI < 350) and is considered to have a primarily gas-generating potential with terrigenous organic matter origination. Kerogen type IV has a very low hydrogen index and higher oxygen index (compared with other types of kerogen), which is considered the inert organic matter. The kerogen quality of the analyzed samples can be considered as very good to fair; the TOC content ranges from 1.64 to 8.37 wt% with most of them containing between 2 and 4 wt%. The grain density of these examined samples is in the range of 2.3–2.63 g/cc. The TOC and density of the samples have an inversely proportional relationship whereas the TOC and the specific surface area (BET) has a positive correlation. The specific surface area (BET) of the examined samples is in the range of 1.97 m2/g–9.94 m2/g. The examined samples are dominated by clay, primarily kaolinite and muscovite. Additionally, few samples have a higher proportion of quartz and calcite. The examined samples from the Middle East contain kerogen type III and IV. Only two samples (JF2-760 and SQ1-1340) contain type I and type II kerogen. Considering Tmax and Hydrogen Index (HI), all of the samples are considered immature to early mature. Rock–Eval (S2) and TOC plotting indicate that most of the samples have very poor source rock potential only with an exception of one (JF2-760), which has a fair-to-good source rock potential.

Modeling of quality indicators for water demineralization process at power reactors

Regression models of demineralizing filters for a nuclear power plant will increase the efficiency of the desalination process for turbine condensate. To identify the control object, experimental and statistical research methods were applied. To detect the presence and study the extent of relations between the process factors and output variables, the STATISTICA (StatSoft) analytical system was used. The impact of factors on the studied traits was assessed using a nonlinear estimation module. Upon the analysis of the desalination plant operation, the following initial parameters were identified. These parameters influence the control decisions in managing the object, can be predicted over time and are not random variables such as the values of specific conductivity and hydrogen index. For specific electrical conductivity: Xh is the specific electrical conductivity of the condensate after the desalination plant; Na is the concentration of sodium ions in the condensate behind the condensate electric pump of the first stage; CN2H4 is the concentration of hydrazine in the feedwater of the steam generator; CFe is the concentration of iron ions in the condensate on the condensate electric pump of the first stage; T is the temperature of the condensate sample on the condensate electric pump of the first stage; CCl is the concentration of chlorine ions in the purge water of the salt compartment of the steam generator; and CSO4 is the concentration of sulfate ions in the purge water of the salt compartment of the steam generator. For the hydrogen index: pH is the hydrogen index of the condensate after the desalination plant; CN2H4 is the concentration of hydrazine in the feedwater of the steam generator; T is the temperature of the condensate sample on the condensate electric pump of the first stage; and CFe is the concentration of iron ions in the condensate behind the condensate electric pump of the first stage. To detect the presence and study the extent of relations between the selected factors of relevant process and output variables, a correlation analysis was conducted and input factors were subsequently ranked. The correlation analysis allowed ranking all the variables and their possible interaction effects in a descending degree of impact on the outputs. In accordance with the selected system outputs, based on the ranking of input variables, regression analysis was performed and corresponding mathematical dependences were obtained with alternate inclusion of factors in a decreasing degree of their influence on the output variable to establish functional dependencies between the experimental data on desalination plant operation. The regression dependence for the experimental data of specific conductivity on the selected state parameters was obtained. The coefficient of determination is equal to 0.7245. The regression dependence describing the change of the hydrogen index has also been obtained. The coefficient of determination is equal to 0.7231. The proposed models explain 72% of the variation in the dependent variable. The correlation ratio is 0.82, which determines the close relationship between the values. Regression models adequately describe the operational data of the nuclear power plant and can be used as part of the control system of the filter unit.

PH INDICATORS AND MICROCRYSTALIZATION OF ORAL LIQUID IN ADOLESCENTS OF 15-18 YEARS WHO STUDY IN DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

During the research it has been found that the hydrogen index and mineralizing potential of oral fluid in adolescents aged 15-18 who study in college is lower than in other study groups. The hydrogen index of college students increases slightly from 15 years to 17 years and reaches its maximum at 18 years. In schoolchildren and students of the university, an increase in the microcrystallization of oral fluid with age was observed, and in college students a decrease was noted. This indicates the need for preventative work with this cohort to identify risk factors that cause this situation. A study of the micro crystallization of oral fluid revealed a difference depending on the institution in which adolescents study. Comparison of school attenders at different ages did not reveal any significant difference, although the indicator at 15 years old was slightly lower than at 16, always corresponded to a satisfactory level of micro crystallization. In college students, the micro crystallization rate corresponded to a low level of 15 and 16 years old. Comparison of the results of the examined 17-18 years old, who study at the college and the university, it was found that the mineralizing potential of oral fluid is lower in college students at both 17 and 18 years old than at university students. The rate of adolescents studying at the university corresponded to a satisfactory level and those of college students - low at both 17 and 18 years. A pattern indicates the deterioration of oral homeostasis in adolescents enrolled in college at all ages compared to schoolchildren and university students. In university students it was found probable increase in the values of the indicator. College students have a decrease in the mineralizing properties of oral fluid with age, but such properties are not significant. There were 540 teenagers who studied at school (107 people), college (317 people), university (116 people) in Chernivtsi. The age children were from 15 to 18 years. The study of the studied indicators was presented by the age and institution in which adolescents study. The hydrogen index (pH) was investigated using a strip of indicator paper (pH 0-12, manufactured by Lachema, Czech Republic). The indicator tape was immersed in oral fluid and the color of the paper was changed. The mineralizing potential of oral fluid was evaluated by its microcrystallization (PA Leus, 1977). Oral fluid collection was performed with a sterile pipette from the bottom of the oral cavity, at least 2 hours after a meal and rinsing with distilled water. Three drops of oral liquid were applied to ethyl alcohol and dried at room temperature. The drops, after drying, were examined using a microscope. The mineralizing potential of oral fluid was determined by the mean score, depending on the identified types of ISS. Evaluation of microcrystallization was performed by H.M. Saifulina, O.R. Pozdeev in average scores depending on the types of crystal formation: 0.1-1.0 - very low level; 1.1- 2.0 - low; 2,1- 3,0 - satisfactory; 3.1-4.0 - high; 4.1-5.0 - very high. The obtained results are processed by the method of variation statistics. Indicators at p£0.05 were considered available. Our research found that the hydrogen index and mineralizing potential of oral fluid in adolescents aged 15-18, who study in college is lower than in other study groups. The hydrogen index of college students increases slightly from 15 years to 17 years and reaches its maximum at 18 years. In schoolchildren and students of the university, an increase in the micro crystallization of oral fluid with age was observed, and decrease was established in college visitors. This indicates the need for preventative work with this cohort to identify risk factors that cause this situation.

CHANGES IN HYDROGEN INDEX AND BLOOD ELECTROLYTES DURING RECOVERY PERIOD AFTER BLOOD LOSS WITH FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES

Magnetite nanoparticles are one of the extensively investigated and implemented into medical practice. They are known as having significant therapeutic potential in providing rapid recovery of hematological parameters after acute blood loss. Since the pathogenesis of acute blood loss, except of anaemia, includes other components (hypoxia, hypovolemia, acidosis), it is important to know how magnetite nanoparticles affect the parameters of these processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles on changes in hydrogen index (pH) and blood electrolytes induced by acute blood loss. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on 47 white male rats. Blood loss (25% of circulating blood) was simulated by puncture of the heart under the ether anesthesia. The nanoparticles’ solution (5-8 nm) was administered intraperitoneally immediately after the blood loss in a dose of 6.75 mg Fe/kg in a volume of at least 1 ml. In 3, 24 and 72 hours, and in 5 day interval, the blood pH and content of HCO3–, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ were checked. The data obtained were processed using one-way variance analysis ANOVA (Statistica for Windows 8.0). Results and discussion. It is shown that magnetite nanoparticles elevated the pH level in 3 hours, reduced in 24 hours and did not affect it in 72 hours and 5 days as compared to the control pathology. The administration of magnetite nanoparticles after 3 hours, 24 hours and 5 days resulted in increase in Na+ content compared to that in blood loss. An increase in the content of K+ took place after 24 hours as compared to the control pathology. Magnetite nanoparticles contributed to the normalization of Ca2+ after 72 hours. The content of HCO3– in all terms of observations ranged within normal limits, except for that in blood loss with magnetite nanoparticles introduced after 24 hours caused the increase of HCO3–in 1.2 times compared to the control pathology. Conclusion. Magnetite nanoparticles, administered to manage the acute blood loss syndrome, are able to modify the acid-base balance and electrolyte content in the blood for 5 days of recovery period that largely depends on the ability of non-iron to accelerate erythropoiesis and thus to restrain other components in the pathogenesis.

Іnvestigation of gel formation peculiarities and properties of hydrogels obtained by the structuring of acrylamide prepolymers

The paper represents the results of the investigation of the formation of a polymeric matrix of hydrogel due to the structuring of polyacrylamide using its reactive polymeric derivative – poly-N- (hydroxymethyl) acrylamide. Research determined zones of optimum conditions of synthesis and characterized hydrogel depending on pH of media, the ratio between the concentration of prepolymers, and time of synthesis. The investigation of the reaction mixture showed that the hydrogen index of the synthesis of hydrogels is one of the important factors, which in the design of the polymer framework of hydrogels allows regulating their colloidal chemical properties in a wide range.

Influence of pH on the dynamics of the wound process in the postoperative period

The wound process is a set of stages that successively replace each other and as a result lead to epithelization of the skin and closure of the wound defect. The development of the wound process is influenced by the pH value of the wound contents, which determines the rate of all biochemical reactions occurring in the wound. In the course of the study, patients were measured for wound exudate in the postoperative period. It was noted that in patients with the initial values of the hydrogen index, which was 7, a more effective healing process of the postoperative wound was observed, while in patients with the initial pH value of 8, the wound process took a protracted character.

Source Rock Potential of Chichali and Samana Suk Formations Deposits in Panjpir Oilfield Subsurface, Punjab Platform, Pakistan

By using total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis measurements, the hydrocarbon source rock potential of Chichali and Samana Suk formations found in the subsurface of Panjpir oilfield in Punjab platform located in the eastern part of the middle Indus Basin was investigated. Twenty two core samples were collected from producing well. The analysed samples of Chichali formation contains TOC ranging between 0.99-4.61 wt.% having average TOC of 1.51 wt.% and the S2 values of Rock-Eval show the poor to fair generative potential with values ranging from 0.99-3.08 mg HC/g rock. The samples have low hydrogen index values ranging from 21-302 mg HC/g TOC and also most of the samples have low T_(max ) values ranging from 422-432 °C and have OI values ranging from 15-82 mg CO2/g TOC. Samana Suk formation samples have TOC ranging between 0.28-1.38 wt.% having average TOC of 0.84 wt.%. S2 values of Rock-Eval shows poor generative potential with values ranging from 0.05-2.99 mg HC/g rock. The samples have low hydrogen index values ranging from 13-322 mg HC/g TOC and T_(max) values ranging from 423-435 °C, and have OI values ranging from 41-182 mg CO2/g TOC. On the basis of analysis performed only one sample from Chichali and five samples of Samana Suk formations have entered early maturity zone, while all remaining samples lie in immature zone as indicated by HI vs T_(max) plot. HI vs OI plot and HI vs T_ (max) indicates the presence of kerogen Type III. All of the samples from Samana Suk formation shows poor generative potential as compared to Chichali formation having fair generative potential as indicated by S2 vs TOC plot. Hence, from the results some minor gas could be expected to have been generated from Chichali formation in Panjpir oilfield subsurface.