scholarly journals Application of X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Rock–Eval Analysis for the Evaluation of Middle Eastern Petroleum Source Rock

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6672
Author(s):  
Golam Muktadir ◽  
Moh’d Amro ◽  
Nicolai Kummer ◽  
Carsten Freese ◽  
Khizar Abid
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Source Rock ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Hydrogen Index ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Kerogen Type ◽  
Rock Eval

In this study, collected samples of nine different wells from the Middle East are used for various geochemical analyses to determine the hydrocarbon generation potential. The determination is carried out following the grain density, specific surface area, XRD, and Rock–Eval pyrolysis analyses. Four different types of kerogen are plotted based on the Rock–Eval analysis result. Kerogen type I usually has high hydrogen index (e.g., HI > 700) and low oxygen index, which is considered oil-bearing. Kerogen Type II has hydrogen index between type I and type II and oxygen index higher than type I (e.g., 350 < HI < 700) and is also considered to have oil-bearing potential. Kerogen type III has a lower hydrogen index (e.g., HI < 350) and is considered to have a primarily gas-generating potential with terrigenous organic matter origination. Kerogen type IV has a very low hydrogen index and higher oxygen index (compared with other types of kerogen), which is considered the inert organic matter. The kerogen quality of the analyzed samples can be considered as very good to fair; the TOC content ranges from 1.64 to 8.37 wt% with most of them containing between 2 and 4 wt%. The grain density of these examined samples is in the range of 2.3–2.63 g/cc. The TOC and density of the samples have an inversely proportional relationship whereas the TOC and the specific surface area (BET) has a positive correlation. The specific surface area (BET) of the examined samples is in the range of 1.97 m2/g–9.94 m2/g. The examined samples are dominated by clay, primarily kaolinite and muscovite. Additionally, few samples have a higher proportion of quartz and calcite. The examined samples from the Middle East contain kerogen type III and IV. Only two samples (JF2-760 and SQ1-1340) contain type I and type II kerogen. Considering Tmax and Hydrogen Index (HI), all of the samples are considered immature to early mature. Rock–Eval (S2) and TOC plotting indicate that most of the samples have very poor source rock potential only with an exception of one (JF2-760), which has a fair-to-good source rock potential.

scholarly journals Geochemical characteristics and depositional environments of the Narimba Formation source rock, Bass Basin, Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3207-3225
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ragab Shalaby ◽  
Muhammad Izzat Izzuddin bin Haji Irwan ◽  
Liyana Nadiah Osli ◽  
Md Aminul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Source Rock ◽  
Vitrinite Reflectance ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Geochemical Characteristics ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Wet Gas ◽  
Kerogen Type ◽  
Rock Characterization ◽  
Rock Eval ◽  
Oil Gas

Abstract This research aims to conduct source rock characterization on the Narimba Formation in the Bass Basin, Australia, which is made of mostly sandstone, shale and coal. The geochemical characteristics and depositional environments have been investigated through a variety of data such as rock–eval pyrolysis, TOC, organic petrography and biomarkers. Total organic carbon (TOC) values indicated good to excellent organic richness with values ranging from 1.1 to 79.2%. Kerogen typing of the examined samples from the Narimba Formation indicates that the formation contains organic matter capable of generating kerogen Type-III, Type-II-III and Type-II which is gas prone, oil–gas prone and oil prone, respectively. Pyrolysis maturity parameters (Tmax, PI), in combination with vitrinite reflectance and some biomarkers, all confirm that all samples are at early mature to mature and are in the oil and wet gas windows. The biomarkers data (the isoprenoids (Pr/Ph), CPI, isoprenoids/n-alkanes distribution (Pr/nC17 and Ph/nC18), in addition to the regular sterane biomarkers (C27, C28 and C29) are mainly used to evaluate the paleodepositional environment, maturity and biodegradation. It has been interpreted that the Narimba Formation was found to be deposited in non-marine (oxygen-rich) depositional environment with a dominance of terrestrial plant sources. All the analyzed samples show clear indication to be considered at the early mature to mature oil window with some indication of biodegradation.

scholarly journals Source Rock Evaluation of Paleocene Akinbo shale, Eastern Dahomey Basin

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Dairo Victoria ◽  
Asue Onenu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Source Rock ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Hydrogen Index ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Dahomey Basin ◽  
Source Rock Evaluation ◽  
Rock Eval

Selected subsurface core samples of the shale of Akinbo Formation as penetrated by an exploratory well in Ibese, Eastern Dahomey basin were investigated to ascertain the quality and quantity of organic matter, the hydrocarbon potential and kerogen type.The samples were subjected to Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Rock Eval analyses and various cross plots were generated from the data obtained.The TOC and Free oil content (S1) of all the shale samples range from 0.96wt% to 2.82wt% and 0.07mgHC/g to 0.17mgHC/g with mean values of 1.67wt% and 0.11mgHC/g respectively while the source rock potential (S2) ranges from 0.01mgHC/g to 0.17mgHC/g with an average value of 0.08mgHC/g. Also, the Hydrogen Index (HI) and the Oxygen Index (OI), ranges from 0.35mgHC/g TOC to 16.7mgHC/g TOC and 11.4mgCO/g TOC to 38.33mgCO/g TOC with an average value of 5.77mgHC/g TOC and 19.04mgCO/g TOC respectively. The Production Index (PI) and the Generative Potential (GP) range from 0.38 to 0.94 and 0.12mgHC/g to 0.34mgHC/g with mean values of 0.61 and 0.19mgHC/g respectively.The results obtained from the cross plots of HI versus OI, S2 versus TOC and TOC versus GP; It shows that the shale samples from the Akinbo Formation have good organic matter richness to generate hydrocarbon, dominantly gas prone and from a Type III kerogen.

Microstructure Analysis of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Shell Activated Carbon

2014 ◽  
Vol 941-944 ◽  
pp. 1051-1055
Author(s):  
Hong Zhi Zhu ◽  
Zhen Hua Xue
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bet Specific Surface Area ◽  
Strong Adsorption ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Isotherm Adsorption ◽  
Activating Agent

The Xanthoceras sorbifolia shell activated carbon which was prepared by using zinc chloride as activating agent has a strong adsorption performance of cationic adsorbate (methylene blue) 845.275mg/g and anionic adsorbate (iodine) 1584.96mg/g. Specific surface area study showed that: the adsorption isotherms of activated carbonsamples are type I isotherm adsorption, BET specific surface area was 1455.233m2/g. Displayed by pore specific surface analyzer's measurement results that the pore radius ratio of activated carbon in the range of 3.2-3.4Å is the largest. This proves that these holes are mainly micropores. Meanwhile, the conclusions obtained by the SEM further proof.

scholarly journals How Surface Properties of Silica Nanoparticles Influence Structural, Microstructural and Biological Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zych ◽  
Anna Maria Osyczka ◽  
Agnieszka Łacz ◽  
Agnieszka Różycka ◽  
Wiktor Niemiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Type I ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Inorganic Particles ◽  
Surface Silica

The aim of this work was to study effect of the type of silica nanoparticles on the properties of nanocomposites for application in the guided bone regeneration (GBR). Two types of nanometric silica particles with different size, morphology and specific surface area (SSA) i.e., high specific surface silica (hss-SiO2) and low specific surface silica (lss-SiO2), were used as nano-fillers for a resorbable polymer matrix: poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide), called PLDLA. It was shown that higher surface specific area and morphology (including pore size distribution) recorded for hss-SiO2 influences chemical activity of the nanoparticle; in addition, hydroxyl groups appeared on the surface. The nanoparticle with 10 times lower specific surface area (lss-SiO2) characterized lower chemical action. In addition, a lack of hydroxyl groups on the surface obstructed apatite nucleation (reduced zeta potential in comparison to hss-SiO2), where an apatite layer appeared already after 48 h of incubation in the simulated body fluid (SBF), and no significant changes in crystallinity of PLDLA/lss-SiO2 nanocomposite material in comparison to neat PLDLA foil were observed. The presence and type of inorganic particles in the PLDLA matrix influenced various physicochemical properties such as the wettability, and the roughness parameter note for PLDLA/lss-SiO2 increased. The results of biological investigation show that the bioactive nanocomposites with hss-SiO2 may stimulate osteoblast and fibroblast cells’proliferation and secretion of collagen type I. Additionally, both nanocomposites with the nanometric silica inducted differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts at a proliferation stage in in vitro conditions. A higher concentration of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was observed on the material modified with hss-SiO2 silica.

scholarly journals Ammonium Polyphosphate with High Specific Surface Area by Assembling Zeolite Imidazole Framework in EVA Resin: Significant Mechanical Properties, Migration Resistance, and Flame Retardancy

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 534
Author(s):  
Jingyu Wang ◽  
Hui Shi ◽  
Pinlie Zhu ◽  
Yuanjie Wei ◽  
Jianwei Hao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Migration Resistance ◽  
Index Value

A zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF-67) was assembled onto the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for preparing a series multifunctional flame-retardant APP-ZIFs. The assembly mechanism, chemical structure, chemical compositions, morphology, and specific surface area of APP-ZIFs were characterized. The typical APPZ1 and APPZ4 were selected as intumescent flame retardants with dipentaerythritol (DPER) because of their superior unit catalytic efficiency of cobalt by thermogravimetric analysis. APPZ1 and APPZ4 possessed 6.8 and 92.1 times the specific surface area of untreated APP, which could significantly enhance the interfacial interaction, mechanical properties, and migration resistance when using in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). With 25% loading, 25% APPZ4/DPER achieved a limiting oxygen index value of 29.4% and a UL 94 V-0 rating, whereas 25% APP/DPER achieved a limiting oxygen index value of only 26.2% and a V-2 rating, respectively. The peak of the heat release rate, smoke production rate, and CO production rate respectively decreased by 34.7%, 39.0%, and 40.1%, while the char residue increased by 91.7%. These significant improvements were attributed to the catalytic graphitization by nano cobalt phosphate and the formation of a more protective char barrier comprised of graphite-like carbon.

scholarly journals Source Rock Potential of Chichali and Samana Suk Formations Deposits in Panjpir Oilfield Subsurface, Punjab Platform, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Syed Bilawal Ali Shah ◽  
Syed Haider Ali Shah ◽  
Adeeb Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Nofal Munir
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Source Rock ◽  
Hydrogen Index ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Hydrocarbon Source Rock ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Kerogen Type ◽  
Punjab Platform ◽  
Rock Eval

By using total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock-Eval pyrolysis analysis measurements, the  hydrocarbon source rock potential of Chichali and Samana Suk formations found in the subsurface of Panjpir oilfield in Punjab platform located in the eastern part of the middle Indus Basin was investigated. Twenty two core samples were collected from producing well. The analysed samples of Chichali formation contains TOC ranging between 0.99-4.61 wt.% having average TOC of 1.51 wt.% and the S2 values of Rock-Eval show the poor to fair generative potential with values ranging from 0.99-3.08 mg HC/g rock. The samples have low hydrogen index values ranging from 21-302 mg HC/g TOC and also most of the samples have low T_(max ) values ranging from 422-432 °C and have OI values ranging from 15-82 mg CO2/g TOC. Samana Suk formation samples have TOC ranging between 0.28-1.38 wt.% having average TOC of 0.84 wt.%. S2 values of Rock-Eval shows poor generative potential with values ranging from 0.05-2.99 mg HC/g rock. The samples have low hydrogen index values ranging from 13-322 mg HC/g TOC and T_(max) values ranging from 423-435 °C, and have OI values ranging from 41-182 mg CO2/g TOC. On the basis of analysis performed only one sample from Chichali and five samples of Samana Suk formations have entered early maturity zone, while all remaining samples lie in immature zone as indicated by HI vs T_(max) plot. HI vs OI plot and HI vs T_ (max) indicates the presence of kerogen Type III. All of the samples from Samana Suk formation shows poor generative potential as compared to Chichali formation having fair generative potential as indicated by S2 vs TOC plot. Hence, from the results some minor gas could be expected to have been generated from Chichali formation in Panjpir oilfield subsurface.  

scholarly journals Chronostratigraphy, palynofacies, source-rock potential, and organic thermal maturity of Jurassic rocks from Qatar

GeoArabia ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-696
Author(s):  
Mohamed I. A. Ibrahim ◽  
Hamad Al-Saad ◽  
Suzan E. Kholeif
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Source Rock ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Inert Material ◽  
Type I ◽  
Carbonate Sediments ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Kerogen Type ◽  
Marine Algal

ABSTRACT Strontium isotope, palynological, and total organic carbon (TOC) analyses were made on core samples from the Izhara, Araej, and Hanifa formations of three wells in onshore Qatar. Eleven samples were analyzed for their 87Sr/86Sr ratios. The results gave a chronostratigraphic range of Early Jurassic (Hettangian) to Late Jurassic (Oxfordian), with an overall age range of 202.4 Ma to 157.8 Ma. Maximum flooding surfaces MFS J10 to MFS J50 occur in the Izhara, Araej, and Hanifa formations. The organic matter in the carbonate sediments of the Izhara, Araej, and Hanifa formations was almost exclusively of marine algal origin dominated by marine microplankton. Organic matter obtained from the Izhara Formation was mature to over-mature kerogen type-III to IV, gas-prone to inert material (mean TOC 0.31%). In the Araej Formation, mature oil-prone and gas-prone kerogen type-II and type-III organic matter occurred in both the lower and upper Araej members (TOC 0.13-0.69%). The stylolitic limestone of the Uwainat member of the Araej Formation has poor potential as a source rock for petroleum (TOC 0.03-0.13%), but is considered to be the main reservoir rock of the Middle Jurassic in Qatar. Mature, highly oil-prone organic matter (type-I and type-II kerogen) was present in black limestone of the Hanifa Formation (mean TOC 0.60%; maximum 0.93%). The limestone is considered to be the most likely petroleum source rock for the underlying and overlying limestone reservoirs of the Uwainat member of the Araej Formation (Bathonian) and the Arab-D member of the Arab Formation (Kimmeridgian) units, respectively.

The property of type II adsorption isotherms which allows determination of specific surface area of the adsorbent

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-905
Author(s):  
J. M. Rodriguez ◽  
C. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
New Method ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Spreading Pressure ◽  
Do So

A new method is proposed, based on a certain property of the spreading pressure, for determining the specific surface area of those solids which, when adsorbing gases isothermically, do so according to the type II isotherm of the Brunauer classification.

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