Specifying the parameters of the Kamianske Reservoir

The relevance of research is the lack of actual parameters of the Dnipro Сascade. The purpose and objectives of the study are to specify the actual parameters of the Kamianske Reservoir, which is the part of the Dnipro Cascade. Methods and techniques. The study was based on using the actual Navigation map of the Kamianske Reservoir. The available data were processed when using AutoCAD program. The satellite images were used as well. Results and main conclusions. It was identified that the main parameters of the Kamianske Reservoir, which is the part of the Dnipro Cascade, significantly differ from those obtained earlier, in particular, which are given in the operation rules of the Dnipro Сascade. The most important parameters of the Kamianske Reservoir to keep normal retention level (64.0 m) are as follows: water area (water surface) – 537 km2, total volume – 2636 million m3, useful storage capacity – 495 million m3. A small increase in the total volume compared to the project one is supposed to be the result of significant extraction of construction raw materials from the bottom of the reservoir. The reservoir length, depending on the ways of measuring, varies from 119 to 137 km. It was determined that the actual maximum depth of the reservoir (23 m) is significantly larger than it is indicated in reference books. The actual average depth of 5.8 m is significantly larger as well. Some parameters of the reservoir, which were previously ignored by researchers, are given as a result of the study. This parameter, in particular, is the area of the islands, which is 48.9 km2. The area of shallow water with depths less than 2 m is 152.4 km2. This area is mainly located in the upper and middle parts of the reservoir – mainly near the left bank. An important parameter is the cross section of the central reach of the reservoir, where the main movement of water is observed. Depending on the length of the reservoir, this cross-section varies in the range of 17,900–20,600 m2. The smallest cross-section is a characteristic feature of the upper part of the reservoir that causes an increase in flow velocity above 1.0 m/sec. It was concluded that the existing operation rules of the Dnipro Сascade does not correspond to the present and require the radical improvement. A mandatory requirement for the new rules is specifying the modern parameters of the reservoirs, built on the Dnipro River. Perspectives. There is need to specify the parameters of all reservoirs of the Dnipro Сascade. It is a basis for the development of new operation rules for the Dnipro Сascade.

Anthropogenic seismicity as aftershocks for geo-resource production? Implications for Mmax estimates (reservoir impoundment cases)

SUMMARY Developing a model for anthropogenic seismic hazard remains an open challenge whatever the geo-resource production. We analyse the (Mmax) largest reported magnitude on each site where (RTS) Reservoir Triggered Seismicity in documented (37 events, 1933–2008), for aftershocks of reservoir impoundment loading. We relate each reservoir impoundment to its magnitude-equivalent M*reservoir = M*(Lr). We use (Lr) the reservoir length as a proxy for a rupture length of the reservoir main shock-equivallent. This latter is derived from the empirical relationship that exists for tectonic earthquake among magnitude and rupture length. We resolve (i) Mmax for RTS are bounded by M*reservoir at a 95 per cent confidence level; (ii) in average Mmax are smaller than M*reservoir by 2.2 units (iii) 50 per cent of the Mmax occurrence is within 2 ± 1 yr from the reservoir impoundment. These triggering patterns support the signature of fluid driven seismicity during the slow reservoir impoundment emerges as a weaker efficiency (larger ΔM = M*reservoir – Mmax) to trigger Mmax events than from earthquake interactions.

Relationship Between Threshold Current Density of Electromigration Damage Considering Void and Hillock Formation and Reservoir Shape in Interconnect Line

Reservoir structures are often constructed in the interconnection to prevent the electromigration damages. In this study, a numerical simulation technique for analyzing the atomic density distributions in the line under high current density was used to evaluate the effects of reservoir length and location on the threshold current density considering void and hillock generations. The threshold current density is determined when the local atomic density in the line reaches the upper critical value for hillock creation or the lower critical value for void generation. Atomic density distributions in the line were simulated when cathode and anode reservoir lengths were changed. The threshold current density considering void formation became higher with longer cathode reservoir and shorter anode reservoir. However, opposite results obtained in the case of hillock formation. It was found that there was an optimum value of reservoir length, corresponding to both critical values of hillock and void initiation.

The grain size distribution of settled sediment within storage reservoir Otmuchów

The grain size distribution of settled sediment within storage reservoir Otmuchów. The river Nysa Kłodzka is flowing through the flat-reduction Otmuchów. There are localized two storage reservoirs Otmuchów and Nysa. The first of these reservoirs have been constructed in the period 1928-1933 and the filling was completed in 1934. Reservoir Nysa was completed in 1971. Both reservoirs are located within walking distance of each other, creating since 1971 cascade. Reservoir Otmuchów is located above the Nysa reservoir what cause, that in the bowl of the Otmuchów reservoir, the significant part of transported by Nysa Kłodzka sediments is deposited. When established after the 1997 flood damming levels, summer and winter, the length of the reservoir Otmuchów is suitably from 4.5 to 5 km. At the maximum impoundment level and a maximal capacity of 130.45 million m3 the reservoir length reach approx. 7 km. From the analysis of the satellite image can be seen advancing silting of the reservoir Otmuchów especially in the estuary zone of the Nysa Kłodzka. Obtained archival data about changes of the sediment grain size distribution in the longitudinal reservoir profile cover only the region of the still capacity extending a distance of 3 km from the cross-section of the dam. In this zone the fine particles of the suspended load with characteristic diameters ranging from 0.030 to 0.088 mm were embedded. In 2010, the authors presented the results of preliminary analysis of the silting process of the reservoir Otmuchów. The authors pointed out that there is a lack of the data about the dimension of the particles embedded in the usable capacity and flood capacity reserve (above 3 km from the dam) causing visible on satellite photo silting. This paper presents the results of the sediment grain size distribution in the usable capacity of the reservoir and in the estuary region of the Nysa Kłodzka located in flood capacity reserve, obtained from the sediment samples analysis. Obtained results allowed to supplement the image of the particle size distribution of the sediment being deposited in the reservoir Otmuchów longitudinal profile and an evaluation of the parameters of mobility rubble with fixed diameters.

Experimental Study on Dam-Break Hydrodynamic Characteristics Under Different Conditions

In this study, a series of dam-break experiments was carried out to investigate the influence of the initial downstream water depth, water head settings, and upstream reservoir length on the dam-break wave movement. The instantaneous water level and flow velocity were measured at two specified downstream locations. Considering the requirements for precise data measurement with high temporal resolution, the synchronization of different instruments was realized based on high-speed camera recording. Even with the same initial water head setting, the water level and flow velocity variations of the dam-break wave propagating downstream on the wet bed show noteworthy differences in flow characteristics compared to the initial dry bed, caused by the interactions between the upstream and downstream water. Hydrodynamic formulae proposed by Lauber and Hager (1998) [1] are not applicable for the wet-bed condition, although their solution of wave profiles for the initial dry-bed condition performs well at the location farther from the gate. The non-dimensional average front velocity of the wet-bed condition, which mainly depends on the initial water head setting, is smaller than that of the dry-bed case. In addition, the maximum water level and flow velocity at the downstream location are mainly controlled by the initial water head setting, while the duration of the large values is influenced by the reservoir length.