EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF CAMBODIAN LEAF EXTRACT (Plumeria acuminata Ait) WITH JATROPHA LEAF EXTRACT (Jatropha curcas L) IN HEALING OF MINOR RECURRENT APHTOSA STOMATITIS (RAS)

Introduction:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), also known as canker sores, is an inflammation that occurs in the oral mucosa. Frangipani leaf extract and jatropha leaf extract are known to contain saponins, tannins and flavonoids that function as wound healers and antimicrobials. Purpose:Determine whether the administration of frangipani leaf extract (Plumeria acuminata Ait) is more effective in curing recurrent aphthous stomatitis than jatropha leaf extract (Jatropha curcas L). Materials and Methods: The method used is experimental study with a purposive sampling of 30 people. frangipani leaf extract (Plumeria acuminata Ait) and jatropha leaf extract (Jatropha curcas L) were applied to each of 15 samples. Statistical calculations using the Independent T-test. Result and Discussion: The results showed that the mean difference in diameter reduction of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in the first sample group of frangipani leaf extract (Plumeria Acuminata Ait) was 1.13 mm, while in the second sample group Jatropha leaf extract (Jatropha curcas L) was 0.47 mm. From the results of the Independent T-Test test on frangipani leaf extract (Plumeria acuminata Ait) obtained a sig value of 0.002 (p<0.05) and jatropha leaf extract (Jatropha curcas L) of 0.002 (p<0.05), indicating that there is the difference between the use of frangipani leaf extract (Plumeria acuminata Ait) and jatropha leaf extract (Jatropha curcas L) in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Conclusion: frangipani leaf extract (Plumeria acuminata Ait) was more effective in curing recurrent aphthous stomatitis (SAR) than jatropha leaf extract (Jatropha curcas L)

Herbal Medication of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Narrative Review

A mouth ulcer or recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a mouth mucous tissue inflammation. This disease mainly occurs in patients 10-40 years of age, preferably in women and high socioeconomic backgrounds. The cause of mouth ulcers or RAS could be trauma, infection, digestive problems, or blood disorders. Herbal practitioners widely use herbs, folks, and society to treat various diseases. This research aimed to describe the herbal treatment for RAS. The review results show there are nine plants with the ability to cure RAS, they are Persea americana Mill., Averrhoa bilimbi L., Abrus precatorius Linn., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze., Psidium guajava L., Kaempferia galanga Linn., Aloe vera, Curcuma longa and Citrus hystrix DC. The most parameters used in the studies are clinical trials and in vitro tests.

CLINICAL EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF HERBAL MEDICINE THERAPY IN RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is the most common oral mucous ulcerative lesion with challenging treatment. Herbal medicine therapy can propose clinical efficacy and safety due to its large biological activities. The objective was to review the clinical efficacy and safety of herbal medicine therapy in terms of ulcer size, pain score, healing duration, and adverse effects in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A systematic was conducted based on the PRISMA statement. The search was performed using four electronic databases, namely PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct, and Google Scholar for articles published from 2016 until 2021 using specific keywords. The search was limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in English, full text, and study in humans. The main outcome is expected to be ulcer size, pain score, healing duration, and adverse effects. Quality assessment of selected articles was conducted using the Quality Appraisal of Randomized Trials Checklist (Cochrane Risk of Bias tool). The methodology quality of studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Review of Interventions and Rev Man software. Five articles were eligible for analysis. The population of the sample study ranged from 34-70 patients of 15-65 y old. The herbs used were Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller), curcumin (Curcuma longa), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.). This review showed that there is some evidence of the clinical efficacy and safety of herbal medicine therapy in improved outcomes of recurrent aphthous stomatitis treatment with minimum adverse effects.

INTERLEUKIN AS BIOMARKER OF RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS (RAS): A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

This review aimed to describe the interleukins and interleukin gene polymorphisms related to and recommended as a RAS biomarker. Articles were searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library databases, using the keywords of “Interleukin” AND “Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis”. The Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS) was used, and the writing of this review refers to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 8 articles met the criteria and showed a low risk of bias assessment. The level of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 in the acute clinical phase of RAS were higher than in the recovery phase, but IL-10 levels showed decreased. IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 gene polymorphisms were found to be more frequent in RAS patients compared to controls, while IL-12 gene polymorphisms were found to be less associated with RAS pathogenesis. Interleukins at the proteomic level that recommended as a pro-inflammatory biomarker are IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-18, while an anti-inflammatory is IL-10. Only IL-2 can be recommended as a biomarker at the genomic level, as other interleukins still require more investigation.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NATURAL-BASED PRODUCTS AND MUCOADHESIVE FOR RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS THERAPY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The objective was to describe and recommend the most effective combination of Natural-Based Product (NBP) and mucoadhesive for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) treatment. This systematic review writing was based on PRISMA guidelines. The articles published in the last 10 y were selected using PubMed and Google Scholar database carried out during May 2021. The keywords were: natural-based product, mucoadhesive, and Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. The risk of bias was assessed using the Oxford Quality Scoring System. Six articles of Randomized Controlled Trial were selected. The NBP were: Aloe vera, Myrrh, Curcuma longa, propolis, ginger, Punica granatum flower, and sesame oil. The drug’s formulation was: gel, film, and spray. The mucoadhesive polymers as vehicles were Hydroxy Propyl Ethyl Cellulose (HPEC), Hydroxy Propyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Benzocaine, Tragacanth Gum, Carbomer 934, Sodium CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), and chitosan. Curcuma longa 10 mg/g with HPMC was the most effective to relieve pain, while Punica granatum flower extract with Carbomer 934 and Sodium CMC was the most effective to reduce the ulcer size in RAS. Both of the formulations were in gel form.

LncRNA NEAT1 is upregulated in recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) and has predictive values

Background LncRNA NEAT1 promotes inflammatory responses, which contribute to recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). This study focused on the involvement of NEAT1 in RAS. Methods RT-qPCR and ELISA were performed to determine the expression of NEAT1 and proinflammatory factors (IL-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in plasma from patients with a history of RAS and showing symptom (n = 80, S-RAS group), people with a history of RAS but showing no symptom (n = 80, NS-RAS group), and controls without a history of RAS (n = 80, Control group). Correlation analysis was performed with Pearson’s correlation coefficient. S-RAS group received treatmen,t and plasma levels of NEAT1 and proinflammatory factors were compared before and after treatment. S-RAS group was followed up for 12 months, and the recurrence was recorded. Results Plasma NEAT1, IL-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were the highest in the S-RAS group, followed in turn by NS-RAS and control groups. NEAT1 was positively and significantly correlated with IL-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α across S-RAS and NS-RAS samples, but not control samples. After treatment, plasma levels of NEAT1, IL-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α decreased significantly. Moreover, a higher recurrence rate was observed during the follow-up in patients with high plasma NEAT1 levels. Conclusion NEAT1 is upregulated in RAS and correlated with multiple proinflammatory factors. Moreover, NEAT1 has predictive values for RAS.

Influence of cigarette smoking on oral microbiota in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common recurrent ulcerative disease of the oral mucosa which is closely related to oral microbial composition. However, the specific effect and the mechanism of smoking in RAS are unclear. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to compare the differences in saliva microbial community between 28 non-smoking healthy controls (NSctrl), 31 non-smoking RAS patients (NSras), and 19 smoking RAS patients (Sras). The results showed that the bacterial community diversity in patients with RAS (NSras and Sras) was lower than that of NSctrl. The microbial community in smoking-associated RAS is less diverse and distinct from that of non-smokers. The RAS groups have higher abundance of Veillonella, Rothia, and Sneathia and lower abundance of Bacteroidales, Bacteroides, Wolinella, Moryella, Pyramidobacter, and Christensenellaceae at the genera level. A significantly different abundance of Anaerovorax, Candidatus Endomicrobium, Lactococcus, Sneathia, Veillonella, and Cloacibacterium was observed between the Sras and the NSras group. Notably, there was a significant difference in many species from the genus Prevotella and Treponema between the NSras and the Sras group. Further, the relative abundance of several taxa is correlated with smoking age or frequency, including Megasphaera, Haemophilus, Leptotrichia, and Rothia at the genera level, and Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella salivae, Megasphaera micronuciformis, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Alloprevotella tannerae, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lautropia mirabilis, and Capnocytophaga sputigena at the species level. Among patients with RAS, smoking aggravated the pathways of respiration and human pathogens. Our results suggest that smoking is closely related to changes in the oral microbiota, which may contribute an opposite effect to the pathogenesis of RAS. This study provides new insight and theoretical basis for the cause and pathogenesis of RAS and better prevention and treatment.