Control of The Spread of TB-HIV/AIDS Coinfection Using Optimal Control

The condition in which an individual is affected by TB and HIV/AIDS in his body is called a TB-HIV/AIDS coinfection. This research aims to minimize the populations of TB-HIV/AIDS coinfection with a minimum expenditure on medical expenses, that means minimizing the objective’s function ( ) or purpose function. In this research, modification of the model was carried out by adding the treatment population for HIV patients with ARV ( ). The population used was 11 classes with the use of three controls including treatment for individuals with latent TB ( ), active TB ( ), and HIV ( ). After performing numerical simulation using the forward backward fourth order Runge-Kutta, the results show that scenario 7 is the best scenario in controlling the spread of TB-HIV/AIDS coinfection because it resulted a minimum value of 1401,44. This means that providing the treatment for individuals with latent TB, active TB, and HIV in tandem can reduce the populations of TB-HIV/AIDS coinfection in the minimum treatment cost.

Combination machine for soil preparation and sowing of gourds

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the method and design scheme of a combined machine for preparing the soil and sowing melons. The authors propose a new method of soil preparation and sowing, as well as a machine for its implementation. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis, and statistics were used in this study. The method of preparing the soil and planting gourds provides a combination of the following technological processes: the turnover of the layers of the upper layer of soil, the sowing area to the left and to the right, shallow tilling the soil of the field with the left and right sides of the sowing area, deep tillage seeding areas with simultaneous formation of irrigation furrows and the local application of fertilizers, soil preparation for sowing in line sowing and sowing seeds of melons. The machine consists of lister housings installed along the axis of symmetry of the unit, flat cutters, parallel-type deep-diggers, furrowers, coulters for fertilizing, and a sowing device. It was found that preparation of soil for sowing and planting of melons with a minimum expenditure of energy is provided by the width of Lusternik buildings 86 cm, the width of tillers and cultivators, respectively, 45 and 33 cm, the longitudinal distance between the body and the plane of 35 cm between the cultivators of 42.3 cm, and longitudinal spacing of the chisel cultivator and sowing device 110 cm.

Understanding Muslim Young Consumers on Online Shopping: The role of Customer Review, Price, Trust and Security

<p><em>Online shopping is a</em><em>n</em><em> </em><em>ubiquitous </em><em>phenomenon among young consumers.</em><em> </em><em>The </em><em>development </em><em>of internet on transactions has </em><em>caused</em><em> fear, mistrust and risk among online consumers. The </em><em>objective</em><em> of this study is to examine the effect of product reviews, prices, transaction trust, and security transactions on decisions in Islamic millennial generation online purchases. The sample in this study is the Muslim young generation who use a lot of online shopping</em><em>s</em><em>, a</em><em> total of 120 respondents were requested to complete the questionnaires, of which 96 were returned </em><em>using a purposive sampling technique with a minimum expenditure of spending 3 times in the last 3 months. The results of this study indicate that product reviews, prices, trust and security have significant effect on online purchasing decisions.</em><em> This study also discusses the </em><em>implications, limitations, and suggestions for </em><em>the </em><em>future research</em><em>.</em><em></em></p>

Study of Technological Efficiency of Ginger Processing in East Sikkim- A Case Study

The two processing units namely Sundar Sikkim, Marchak, and Nature Gift, Majhitar were selected based on ginger as major processing products. It was found that most of the raw ginger was processed into ginger flakes and ginger powder. The maximum raw ginger in the study area was found processed into ginger flakes. Sun, solar, mechanical, solar-cum-mechanical and fire drying (smoke-free) were implemented. Among these methods, most of the ginger was dried using the mechanical dryer. The total cost of production, total operating expenses, and total financial costs were calculated. It was found that among the operating expenses, expenditure on raw ginger occupied a major component followed by power and utility. The minimum expenditure for operating expenses was for packing and packaging followed by repair and maintenance. Interest on working capital was found to be an important component of total financial cost in dried ginger flakes production. The profitability estimation of dried ginger flakes revealed that ginger processing was a profitable enterprise. The Break-even point was calculated and the technical efficiency for ginger flakes processing was found to be efficient at given level resources and level of technology. The constraints faced by the processors were collected through a personal interview method using a pre-tested well-structured schedule, analyzed in the tabular form and each of the constraints was ranked. The major problems faced by the ginger processor were found to be lack of labour availability (skilled and unskilled) followed by high price expectations from the farmers.

Design parameters of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine

The subject of the research is the operation process of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine which changes the structure and solidity of the cultivated soil layer according to the agricultural requirements. The author considers the design of the blade of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine. The research object is the blade of the rotor whose form allows it to rotate with a minimum expenditure of energy. The topicality of the research is determined by the fact that the theoretically justified design of the blade of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine will help improve the methods of secondary tillage aimed at the improvement of its agrotechnical characteristics with a minimum expenditure of energy. To define the value of a relative speed of a soil element movement along the blade, the author derives an equation using the method described in P.M. Vasilenko&rsquo;s theory of soil particles movement along rough surfaces, but the author considers soil particles movement along the blade. The article is based on theoretical research using mechanical and mathematical modeling of working tools interaction with soil. The initial data was collected via the analysis of literary sources. The author substantiates the design of the blade of the rotor of a tilling and separating machine which guarantees its rotation with a minimum expenditure of energy owing to the lesser dispersion of soil particles and the prevention of their building-up on the separating grill. The research results can be used by constructors and specialists developing tillage tools.

INVESTIGATION AND GROUND TECHNOLOGICAL OPTIONS OF THE DEFROSTING PROCESS OF MASS CARGO IN CARS WITH USING ACCUMULATE WARMTH

Identified mode with constant temperature defrosting, set technological standards and a maximum flow rate of the warmth. Modeled of the defrosting process and define dependence, that allows by defrosting cargo in garages defrosting guarantee their function with minimum expenditure warmth. Elaboration principal thesis method using accumulation warmth

EXPRESS-METHOD OF STEERING DIAGNOSING ON ARTICULATED MACHINE

Proposed express-method of diagnosing of steering on articulated machine, which allows testing with a minimum expenditure of time and material resources. The proposed method is based on the method of partial accelerations. Carried out a normalization diagnostic index.

PLANNING AESTHETIC PORCELAIN VENEERS WITHOUT TOOTH PREPARATION

The direct method of manufacturing the fitting and the need for temporary restorations made of selfhardening plastic material can be used to produce a perfectly seated and having an accurate outline of facings. This requires a minimum expenditure of time and materials. Because this method does not provide for preparation of the teeth, it allows the patient and the dentist visually examine the treatment plan does not preclude the adoption of alternative solutions in the planning stage.

Design and Finite Element Analysis of a Hydraulic Excavator Boom

In today’s world of growing competition, all industries are trying their best to give the components of high quality with minimum expenditure. So in present work a new semi-elliptical boom has been selected to replace the conventional boom, which is usually made of rectangular. In particular, the study wants to substitute the rectangular section for Semi-elliptical section. This change lightens the weight of the boom. For this purpose, boom with semi-elliptical cross-section has been modeled using cad software pro/E wildfire 4.0. Using VB program automatic calculation module (UPAS), the static force at different working condition of the boom calculated. Then Finite element analysis has been done to determine the static stress at a given load condition using software ANSYS 12. The result shows that total weight is reduced by 5%. The value of maximum stress and displacement is 115.663MPa and 12.885 mm respectively. Thus the structure is capable of withstanding the maximum stress. The structure is failsafe. In this paper only static stress analysis is done.

Appropriate sampling strategy and analytical methodology to address contamination by industry: Part 1. Conceptual model of a sampling design and sampling types

This paper presents the results of a literature review on the conceptual model of a sampling design and the different types of samples that can be used to characterize the nature and the extent of contamination at a specific site. The main findings stress the importance of sampling for obtaining relevant sample types and subsequent-qualitative results. The proposed sampling design can be used for environmental studies where, the efficient use of time, money, and human resources are very critical. A good quality sampling design should meet the needs of the study with a minimum expenditure of resources.