scholarly journals Carbohydrate content of human milk is affected by seasonal variations: a retrospective observational study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Mangel ◽  
Sharon Vanetik ◽  
Dror Mandel ◽  
Ronella Marom ◽  
Ronit Lubetzky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
P Value ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Macronutrient Content ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Abstract Background Previous studies have suggested seasonal variation in macronutrient content of milk produced from animals. The influence of seasonal variation upon human milk macronutrient content has not been elucidated. This study aimed to compare the macronutrient content of HM produced by lactating mothers during the winter and the summer seasons. Methods We compiled previously generated data on macronutrient content of colostrum milk samples collected from lactating mothers of healthy term infants. The mothers were recruited during their postpartum stay at the Lis Maternity Hospital of the Tel Aviv Medical Center. Macronutrient content was measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Results The carbohydrate content of the colostrum was significantly higher in the summer season than in the winter season (5.9 ± 1.3 vs 5.4 ± 1.4 g/100 ml, p value <0.001). Protein, fat, and energy contents were similar in both groups. Conclusion The carbohydrate content in colostrum obtained from mothers of term infants was affected by seasonal variations.

Seasonal variation in Sarcocystis species infections in goats in northern Iraq

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BARHAM ◽  
H. STÜTZER ◽  
P. KARANIS ◽  
B. M. LATIF ◽  
W. F. NEISS
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sarcocystis Species ◽  
Patent Period ◽  
Northern Iraq

We investigated the prevalence of sarcocystosis in 826 goats slaughtered in the winter season from November to April in northern Iraq. The prevalence of macrocysts was on average 34%, with only 20% infected animals in November, but 46% in February. The infection rate in 1-, 3- and 6-year-old goats was 4%, 48%, and 83%, respectively. The highest specificity of infection was in the oesophagus (99%) and the lowest in the diaphragm (3%). Grossly, we identified 2 forms of macroscopic sarcocysts, fat and thin, with different morphological characteristics. The prevalence of microcysts was 97% and no effects of age, sex and seasonal variations were observed. Development of microcysts in the small intestine of dogs and cats has also been investigated. The pre-patent period in experimentally infected dogs was 12–14 days and the patent period lasted 64–66 days. A dog shed about 155 million sporocysts, but no sporocysts were shed by cats that had been fed the same infected tissues, thus identifying the microcysts as Sarcocystis capracanis.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations in Cataract Surgery Numbers in Mid Western and Far Western Terrain Belts of Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Pradeep Bastola ◽  
C. Bascaran ◽  
A. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Number Of Patients

Introduction: In western regions of Nepal many more cataract operations are performed during the winter season than the summer season. This causes problems with resource allocation. The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of seasonal variation in cataract surgery, explore the causes, and make recommendations to optimize resource utilization.Methods: Hospital data of the number of patients undergoing cataract surgery in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 in 3 hospitals was analyzed by month of surgery. 100 consecutive patients having cataract surgery in the winter season and 100 in the summer season were compared for differences and questioned as to the reasons for choosing cataract surgery at that time.Results: Of the 127,718 cataract operations performed over 3 years in the 3 hospitals, 45% were performed in the 3 months February-April and 9% in the 3 months June-August. The mean number performed in March (highest volume month) was more than 7 times higher than that performed in July (lowest month) – 8016 versus 1041 per month. At univariate level nationality, marital status, socioeconomic status, cost per surgery, occupation, age and ethnicity were associated with seasonal variations. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of seasonal uptake showed Nationality/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic status and cost per surgery statistically significant in predicting attendance in high season.Conclusions: There is a large seasonal variation in cataract surgery numbers in West Nepal. Factors including patients' nationality cost of surgery and cultural beliefs contribute to the seasonal variation. If these can be addressed then resource allocation and utilization can be improved.JNGMC Vol. 12 No. 2 December 2014, Page: 24-29

Macronutrient Composition of Donated Human Milk in a New Zealand Population

2020 ◽  
pp. 089033442096366
Author(s):  
Rachael L. Lamb ◽  
Jillian J. Haszard ◽  
Helen M. J. Little ◽  
Anthea F. Franks ◽  
Maggie G. Meeks
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Macronutrient Content ◽  
Milk Bank ◽  
Human Milk Bank

Background A primary role of human donor milk banks is to provide pasteurized human milk for the sick and preterm infant populations and to support the mothers of these infants as they establish their own milk supply. The results of human milk pasteurization continue to be studied to provide information that enables optimal nutrition in this sick and preterm population. Research aims The aims of our study were to determine macronutrient characteristics (fat, protein, carbohydrate) and energy content of human milk donated to the Christchurch Women’s Hospital Human Milk Bank in New Zealand, and the influence of Holder pasteurization on this macronutrient composition. Methods This was a retrospective, pre/post pasteurization observational design to describe the macronutrient content within two groups of donors, mature preterm PDM ( n = 13; 21%) and mature term PDM ( n = 50; 79%). Sixty three samples of human milk donated to the human milk bank by 27 registered participants (mothers of preterm and term infants) were analyzed. This analysis took place July–September 2018 using a human milk analyzer before and after Holder pasteurization (62.5 °C for 30 min). Results Preterm milk contained on average 76 kcal/100 ml energy, 4.0 g/100 ml fat, 1.1 g/100 ml protein and 8.2 g/100 ml total carbohydrate; and mature term milk contained 68 kcal/100 ml energy, 3.5 g/100 ml fat, 0.8 g/100 ml protein and 7.9 g/100 ml total carbohydrate. Wide variation between single, donor-pooled samples was demonstrated and there was no major result of pasteurization. Conclusion This research adds to the evidence regarding the macronutrient content of preterm and term milk and that these values are unaffected by Holder pasteurization. The variance in individual pooled donor human milk indicates the importance of determining the nutrient composition of donated milk to inform fortification procedures.

scholarly journals Assessment of seasonal variation on neonatal sepsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Abdel Mawla ◽  
Eman A. Mostafa ◽  
Rasha M. Hasanin ◽  
Mohab M. Salah
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Suspected Sepsis

Abstract Background Neonatal sepsis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. Frequency of bacterial sepsis is affected by seasonal variations. This study was done to rule out the effects of seasonal variation on neonatal sepsis and to determine isolated bacterial agents and their antibiotic sensitivity profile. Results This cross-sectional study included100 neonates with suspected sepsis, and conducted during summer and winter seasons. High frequencies of neonatal morbidities were observed like poor feeding (98%), Jaundice (82%), pallor (76%), respiratory distress (66%) and convulsions (64%) in winter, whereas fever (40%) and edema (12%) in summer. Statically significant correlation was found between the seasonal variations and different symptomatic expression of bacteremia like jaundice, respiratory distress, convulsions and poor feeding (p value < 0.001) in winter, while pallor, fever and edema (p value < 0.05) in summer. Our study showed high proportion of neonatal infection with Gram negative bacteria, as (40%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and (16%) Escherichia coli in winter season, while (22%) Enterobacter in summer. Carbapenems was very effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria, while theses bacterial isolates showed (80–100%) resistance to Unasyn and Cephalosporins (3rd generation). Conclusion This study showed that Seasonal variations had effects on neonatal sepsis regarding their both different symptomatic expressions and bacterial isolates. Most of isolates were sensitive to Carbapenems and resistant to both Unasyn and Cephalosporins (3rd generation).

scholarly journals Metabolic Link of Human Milk: Effects on Weight, Length and Body Mass Index (BMI)

2017 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Salah Ahmed Shoheb ◽  
Mohamed A. El-Gamasy
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Serum Adiponectin ◽  
Adiponectin Concentration ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Background: Breast milk adiponectin could play a role in regulation of infants, growth during lactation. Aim of work: To evaluate adiponectin concentration in human milk and to investigate its relationship with serum adiponectin concentration in lactating mothers and their breastfed infants and with anthropometric parameters of infants and mothers. Materials and methods: 60 healthy term infants and their healthy lactating mothers are included at infant age of one month then repeated again at the age of 4 months. All subjects included in this study were subjected to history, clinical examination, investigations including serum level of adiponectin of infants and their mothers by RIA test, Human milk level of adiponectin by ELIZA test. Results: There was a significant decrease in serum adiponectin of infant and mothers and maternal breast milk at age of 4 months (48 ± 6.5,13 ± 1.7, 5.3 ± 2 respectively) when compared to them at the age of 1 month(62.6 ± 1.5, 21.4 ± 5.6, 13.4 ± 3.8 respectively). There was a significant negative correlation between maternal serum adiponectin and BMI of mothers. There was a significant negative correlation between infant serum adiponectin and their weight and length of infants at age of 1 month and at age of 4 months. Conclusions: There’s a metabolic link between mothers and their infants through breast milk during 1st 6 months of life. A gradual decline in adiponectin level in maternal breast milk is associated with gradual increase in infant growth up to 6 months of age.

Tandem Breastfeeding and Human Milk Macronutrients: A Prospective Observational Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110038
Author(s):  
Gilad Rosenberg ◽  
Laurence Mangel ◽  
Dror Mandel ◽  
Ronella Marom ◽  
Ronit Lubetzky
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Macronutrient Content ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background Tandem breastfeeding is defined as two or more offspring of different ages who are breastfed by their mother at the same time. Breastfeeding during pregnancy and tandem breastfeeding have not been widely investigated. Research Aim To determine the influence of tandem breastfeeding on the macronutrient content of human milk. Methods This longitudinal study used a prospective and a retrospective group. Human milk samples from tandem-breastfeeding participants ( n = 18) were compared to samples from non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( n = 31). Samples were collected during the last month of pregnancy (pregnancy milk), 72 hr after birth (colostrum) and 14–60 days post-delivery (mature milk). Macronutrients were measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Results Fat content in pregnancy milk was lower than in mature milk ( p < .01). Protein content was higher in pregnancy milk than in colostrum and mature milk ( p < .01 and p < .001, respectively). Inversely, carbohydrate content in pregnancy milk was lower than in colostrum and mature milk ( p = .02 and p < .01, respectively). Fat and energy contents in pregnancy milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants were lower than in mature milk of non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( p < .001 and p < .01, respectively), and protein content was higher than in mature milk ( p < .001). Carbohydrate content in colostrum and mature milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants was higher than that of non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( p < .001 for both). Conclusion Human milk produced during pregnancy had different macronutrient content than human milk produced after delivery. Colostrum and mature milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants were similar to human milk produced by non-tandem-breastfeeding participants, with the exception of carbohydrate content.

scholarly journals Comparative Tissue Responses of Marine Mollusks on Seasonal Changes in the Northern Adriatic Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2874
Author(s):  
Natalija Topić Popović ◽  
Martina Krbavčić ◽  
Josip Barišić ◽  
Blanka Beer Ljubić ◽  
Ivančica Strunjak-Perović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Northern Adriatic ◽  
Gonadal Maturation ◽  
Marine Mollusks ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tissue Responses ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

In the shallow Northern Adriatic, marine mollusks are affected by bottom trawling and seafood disturbance. Seasonal oscillations of oceanographic factors additionally influence their physiology, stress responses and survival. Tissue responses to seasonal variations in green ormer (Haliotis tuberculata L.) and Mediterranean scallop (Pecten jacobaeus L.) in the Northern Adriatic have not been reported. Hence, their biochemical and antioxidant defense properties over seasons were studied and the microanatomical structure of their tissue was correlated with function. Histological analysis of gonads revealed two peaks of gonadal maturation and spawning during the spring/summer period and winter season for scallops, and one peak during the fall for ormers. The gonadal maturation of both species was correlated with their seasonal variations of metabolic demands and antioxidant capacity. The lipid vacuoles of tubuloacinar terminations in the digestive gland differed between the two species; in scallop they are several-fold larger in size and number. Low temperatures in winter contributed to a decline in enzymatic antioxidant defense in scallop tissues, having lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and higher concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant status (TAS). In ormers, winter induced lower TAS, TBARS, SOD and GPx concentrations. The significant difference of winter TAS and TBARS levels between ormers and scallops was correlated with variations in their reproductive cycles, as well as in antioxidant defense systems. The most important factor for stress-related parameters for both species in this work was found to be the season-induced temperature change.

scholarly journals Human Milk Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110301
Author(s):  
Hannah G. Juncker ◽  
M. Romijn ◽  
Veerle N. Loth ◽  
Tom G. Caniels ◽  
Christianne J.M. de Groot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Milk Antibodies ◽  
Over Time

Background: Human milk contains antibodies against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). These antibodies may serve as protection against COVID-19 in infants. However, the evolution of these human milk antibodies over time is unclear. Research Aim: To elucidate the evolution of immunoglobulin A (IgA) against SARS-CoV-2 in human milk after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This longitudinal follow-up study included lactating mothers ( N = 24) who had participated in the COVID MILK study. To assess the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, serum and human milk samples were collected 14–143 days after the onset of clinical symptoms related to COVID-19. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay was used to detect antibodies against the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Results: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remain present up to 5 months (143 days) in human milk after onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 IgA in human milk seems to gradually decrease over time. Conclusion: Human milk from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent lactating mothers contains specific IgA antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein up to at least 5 months post-infection. Passive viral immunity can be transferred via human milk and may serve as protection for infants against COVID-19. Dutch Trial Register on May 1st, 2020, number: NL 8575, URL: https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8575 .

scholarly journals Perinatal Asphyxia Among Neonates Admitted Jimma Medical Center, Jimma, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2098130
Author(s):  
Ebissa Bayana Kebede ◽  
Adugna Olani Akuma ◽  
Yonas Biratu Tarfa
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
P Value ◽  
Health Extension Workers ◽  
Severe Problem ◽  
Prolonged Labor

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a severe problem which causes serious problem in neonates in developing countries. This study is aimed to determine magnitude of perinatal asphyxia and its associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among neonates admitted over a period of 4 years on 740 samples. Systematic sampling method was employed to get required samples from log book. Epi-data 3.1 is used for data entry and the entered data was exported to SPSS Version 23 for analysis. Bivariable and multiple variable logistic regressions analysis were applied to see the association between dependent and independent variables. Finally, P-value <.05 at 95% CI was declared statistically significant. Results: The main significant factor associated to perinatal asphyxia were prolonged labor ( P = .04, AOR = 1.68 95%CI: [1.00, 2.80]), being primipara ( P = .003, AOR = 2.06, 95%CI: [1.28, 3.30]), Small for Gestational Age (SGA) ( P = .001, AOR = 4.35, 95%CI: [1.85, 10.19]), Large for Gestational Age ( P = .001, AOR = 16.75, 95%CI: [3.82, 73.33]) and mode of delivery. Conclusion: The magnitude of perinatal asphyxia was 18%. Prolonged labor, parity, birth size, mode of delivery, and APGAR score at 1st minute were significantly associated with perinatal asphyxia. So, Nurses, Midwives, Medical Doctors, and health extension workers have to engage and contribute to on how to decrease the magnitude of perinatal asphyxia.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in the Concentration of Major Human Milk Proteins in the First Six Months of Lactation and Their Effects on Infant Growth

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Ai Zhao ◽  
Shiyun Lai ◽  
Qingbin Yuan ◽  
Xiaojiang Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Impact

Our knowledge related to human milk proteins is still limited. The present study determined the changes in multiple human milk proteins during the first six months of lactation, investigated the influencing factors of milk proteins, and explored the impact of milk proteins on infant growth. A total of 105 lactating women and their full-term infants from China were prospectively surveyed in this research. Milk samples were collected at 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 1 month, and 6 months postpartum. Concentrations of total protein and α-lactalbumin were measured in all milk samples, and concentrations of lactoferrin, osteopontin, total casein, β-casein, αs−1 casein, and κ-casein were measured in milk from 51 individuals using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The concentration of measured proteins in the milk decreased during the first six months of postpartum (p-trend < 0.001). Maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, and income impacted the longitudinal changes in milk proteins (p-interaction < 0.05). Concentrations of αs−1 casein in milk were inversely associated with the weight-for-age Z-scores of the infants (1 m: r −0.29, p 0.038; 6 m: r −0.33, p 0.020). In conclusion, the concentration of proteins in milk decreased over the first six months postpartum, potentially influenced by maternal demographic and delivery factors. Milk protein composition may influence infant weights.

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