Gender Roles in the Millennium: Who Pays and Is Expected to Pay for Romantic Dates?

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412110571
Author(s):  
Hao Wu ◽  
Shanhong Luo ◽  
Annelise Klettner ◽  
Tyler White ◽  
Kate Albritton
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Actual Practice ◽  
Dating Relationships

Research on monetary decisions and behaviors in dating relationships is very limited. The purpose of this study was to examine college students’ current practice and expectations for date payment for first and subsequent romantic dates in the framework of gender role theory. A sample of 552 heterosexual college students took an online survey that included questions about their actual and expected payment for their first and subsequent dates. Participants also completed several measures regarding their gender roles. The findings indicated that traditional gender norms in dating continue to be popular in the new millennium because in actual practice, men almost always paid the whole bill of the first dates and paid more for subsequent dates. When asked who should pay for the dates, participants also expected men to pay more for first and subsequent dates. Women did show some willingness to share date expenses, although nowhere close to be completely even. The findings also indicated that gender role attitudes played little role in actual practice but had a stronger role in date payment expectations, showing that individuals subscribing to traditional gender inequality views tended to believe that men should pay more for dates.

scholarly journals THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL BELIEFS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Çuhadaroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Epistemological Beliefs ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Study Group ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, the relationships between university students and their perceptions of gender roles and epistemological beliefs were investigated. Gender roles are a phenomenon that are determined by culture, and begin to emerge at an early age, which may include some stereotypical behaviors along with a number of attitudes, duties and obligations that the individual is expected to perform as a woman or a man. Epistemological belief is seen as an individual feature of how knowing and learning take place. In this study, a mixed method was used. The quantitative study group consists of 517 students from both universities, while the qualitative study group consists of 85 people. Gender Role Attitudes Scale and Epistemological Beliefs Scale were used to collect quantitative data. In order to obtain qualitative data, participants were given a form consisting of open-ended questions. According to the analyses, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between the participants' epistemological beliefs and gender roles attitudes and, epistemological beliefs were a significant predictor of gender roles attitudes. The results obtained are discussed in line with the existing literature. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0798/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Gender Role Attitudes in the International Social Survey Programme: Cross-National Comparability and Relationships to Cultural Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lomazzi ◽  
Daniel Seddig
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Measurement Equivalence ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
International Social Survey Programme ◽  
International Social ◽  
Societal Views

Differences in societal views on the roles of men and women have been addressed in many large-scale comparative studies by employing indicators of gender roles attitudes from cross-sectional surveys. Assuming that cross-country differences in gender role attitudes are linked to the prevailing cultural value orientations in each society, this study aims at investigating the association between societal views on gender roles, as measured by the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), and the prevailing cultural values, as defined by Schwartz’s theory. However, to carry out meaningful comparisons, we first assessed the prerequisite of measurement equivalence between countries. The comparability of gender role attitudes is limited when using traditional methods based on the concept of exact equivalence (multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis). However, the recently established alignment optimization procedure reveals approximate measurement equivalence and suggests that the mean comparison is trustworthy. Based on these results, we correlate the national mean levels of gender role attitudes with the cultural values of embeddedness, hierarchy and egalitarianism, showing that traditional gender roles are displayed in societies emphasizing hierarchy and embeddedness while progressive views are more expressed in egalitarian societies.

scholarly journals Are Men Who Pay for Sex Sexist? Masculinity and Client Attitudes Toward Gender Role Equality in Different Prostitution Markets

2020 ◽  
pp. 1097184X2090156
Author(s):  
Barbara G. Brents ◽  
Takashi Yamashita ◽  
Andrew L. Spivak ◽  
Olesya Venger ◽  
Christina Parreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Services Research ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Male Client ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sexual Services

Prostitution clients’ attitudes toward gender equality are important indicators of how masculinity relates to the demand for commercial sexual services. Research on male client misogyny has been inconclusive, and few studies compare men in different markets. Using an online survey of 519 clients of sexual services, we examine whether male client attitudes toward gender role equality are related to the main methods customers used to access prostitution services (i.e., through print or online media vs. in-person contact). We found no differences among men in these markets in attitudes toward gender role equality in the workplace and home. This is in a context where all clients had more egalitarian attitudes toward women’s roles than the U.S. male population in the General Social Survey (GSS). However, clients in in-person markets were less supportive of affirmative action than in online markets in a context where all clients were less supportive compared to the national average. These findings point to need to rethink how masculinity and gender role attitudes affect patterns of male demand for paid sex.

The Attitudes Toward Women Scale and Attitude Change in College Students

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet T. Spence ◽  
Eugene D. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Attitude Change ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Ceiling Effects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Score Distributions

To determine cohort changes in gender-role attitudes, responses to the 15-item form of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS; Spence & Helmreich, 1972a, 1978) were compared for students at the same university tested in 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1992. In both males and females, members of the 1992 cohort were the most egalitarian, and members of the 1972 cohort were the least egalitarian. In all groups, women were significantly less traditional in their attitudes than men. As has been found in previous studies, detailed analyses of the data from the 1992 cohort revealed that the scale was unifactorial, but that the score distributions were skewed. There was also some indication of ceiling effects at the egalitarian end of the scale, particularly in women. The implications of these latter results for the usefulness of the AWS in current research were explored.

scholarly journals Teacher Candidates’ Gender Role Attitudes: Case of Adıyaman University

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-113
Author(s):  
Beril Nisa Yaşar
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Science Teacher Education ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
Primary School Teacher ◽  
Cross Sectional

The aim of this study is to determine gender role attitudes of fourth-grade students using descriptive and cross-sectional analysis by applying a questionnaire and Gender Roles Attitude Scale developed by Zeyneloglu and Terzioglu. Participants used in the study are made up of 187 fourthgrade students at the Department of Elementary Education (namely Primary School Teacher Education, Elementary Mathematics Teacher Education, Social Sciences Teacher Education, and Science Teacher Education). The results reveal the egalitarian attitudes among students for the sub-dimensions named egalitarian gender role (mean score: 29.05), female gender role (mean score: 24.37), marriage gender role (mean score: 19.67), traditional gender role (mean score: 23.41) and male gender role (mean score 17.24). Average and median Gender Roles Attitude Scale scores of respondent students were found to differ according to the type of department, the high school that they graduated from, and the person effective in choosing the department of students.

scholarly journals Gender Role Attitudes and Parents’ Intention to Continue Childbearing in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serap Kavas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Fertility Decision ◽  
Intention To Continue ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Factors

It is increasingly acknowledged that gender (in-) equality is one of the most significant factors underlying change in fertility behavior. Researchers have extensively studied the link between gender (in-) equality and fertility decision-making in various settings. However, most of these studies have focused on industrialized countries in North America, Europe, and East Asia, while very few examine this relationship in a non-western, developing country context. Employing individual-level survey data, this paper examines the relationship between parents’ gender role attitudes and their fertility intentions for an additional child in urban Turkey, surveyed in 2014. The findings of this study show that parents’ attitudes toward gender roles were not an important predictor of fertility decision-making in Turkey. This study suggests that the lack of significant findings supporting the expected association may be related to the measurement of gender role attitudes, suggesting a need to construct a measure that addresses culture-specific aspects of gender roles. This study contributes to the literature by providing a new data point, Turkey, and bringing a comparative perspective to the existing research.

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