iron bath
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2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 664
Author(s):  
Michael Auer ◽  
Christoph Wölfler ◽  
Jürgen Antrekowitsch

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is an important secondary resource for the zinc industry. The most common process for its recycling is the pyro-metallurgical treatment in the Waelz process. However, this process focuses on the recycling of the zinc, whereas the recovery of other metals from the EAFD—such as iron and other alloying elements—is neglected. An up-to-date version of reprocessing can involve multi-metal recycling by means of a metal bath containing carbon. The use of a liquid iron alloy requires a higher processing temperature, which enables the reduction and melting of iron oxides as well as other compounds occurring in the dust. Furthermore, the Zn yield is higher and the reduction kinetics are faster than in the Waelz process. This paper is only focused on the zinc reduction in such a metal bath. In order to determine the influence of the carbon content in the molten metal on the reduction rate, experiments were carried out on the reduction behavior of zinc oxide using a synthetic slag. This slag, with a basicity B2 = 1, was applied to an iron bath with varying carbon contents. (0.85%, 2.16%, 2.89%, and 4.15%) The decrease in the zinc oxide concentration was monitored, along with the reaction rates calculated from these data. It was found that the reaction rate increases with rising carbon content in the melt.


Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Chunlin He ◽  
Chunhui Zheng ◽  
Wei Dai ◽  
Toyohisa Fujita ◽  
Jian Zhao ◽  
...  

The phase evolution mechanism and purification of titanium oxycarbide (TiCxOy) synthesized via the carbothermal reduction of ilmenite are investigated. The reaction process and products of the performed carbothermal reduction are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) and enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity (HSC) thermodynamic software. According to the shapes of Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 peaks in XPS spectra, together with the XRD analyses, the reduction products of TiO, TiCxOy or TiC can be judged. The phase evolution mechanism involves FeTi2O5, Ti2O3, Fe, TiO, TiCxOy and TiC under enhancing the content of carbon. The phase evolution law can be written as FeTiO3 → FeTi2O5 → Ti2O3 + Fe → TiO + Fe → TiCxOy + Fe. Due to the incomplete reduction state of TiCxOy, the ΔGθ of TiCxOy is detected between TiC and TiO. TiCxOy could be attained under reduction conditions of Ti:C, 1:3–1:4 in argon atmosphere at 1550 °C after 2 h. Grinding, flotation and magnetic separation processes displayed that C, TiCxOy and Fe are not dissociated until the particle size of −38 μm. TiCxOy and Fe can be separated by an iron-bath in a high temperature. 95.56% TiCxOy can be obtained, and resistance of TiCxOy is less than 0.05 Ω.


Author(s):  
G. Reyes-Castellanos ◽  
A. Cruz-Ramírez ◽  
Hugo Gutiérrez-Pérez ◽  
J.E. Rivera-Salinas ◽  
R.G. Sánchez-Alvarado ◽  
...  

An initial assessment of the gray cast irons production by injecting an inoculant with a conveying gas into a molten iron bath was evaluated at a laboratory scale. A numerical simulation was carried out to determine the hydrodynamic behavior between the inoculant particles injected into the molten iron. It was determined that an optimal interaction between the particles with the molten iron occurs at a lance depth of 7 cm and for the particle sizes fine (211 to 297 ?m) and medium (421 to 590 ?m), the residence time was of 0.38 and 0.4 s, respectively. The melting time was calculated at 0.0008 and 0.003 s for the particle sizes fine and medium, respectively. So, after injection, the FeSi of the inoculant melts quickly, releasing the elements of the inoculant which interact with the molten iron and forms oxides and sulfides creating nucleating sites during solidification. The injection technique allows obtaining a type-A graphite distribution for the fine and medium particle sizes. The number of eutectic cells was increased when the inoculant particle size was decreased despite of the low graphitisers elements, and manganese contents used in the gray cast iron manufacturing.


Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 470
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Fubo Hua ◽  
Jing Dai ◽  
Zhengliang Xue ◽  
Guojun Ma ◽  
...  

The carburization of molten iron is close to saturation in the blast furnace process, while that in the flash ironmaking process is uncertain because there is no pressure from solid charge and no carburization reactions occurring between the deadman and hot metal. Some experiments were conducted to reveal the kinetic mechanism of coke dissolving in carbon-iron melts. Reduced iron powder, electrolytic iron as well as chemical pure graphite were used as experiment materials. With high-purity argon injected as the protective gas, the specimens were heated up to 1873 K in a tubular resistance furnace to study the isothermal mechanism. The results show that the composition of the ferrous sample affects the dissolution rate. When the FeO content of the iron-bearing material rises from 0% to 4.76%, the apparent dissolution rate constant, kt, falls from 7.98 × 10−6 m/s to 5.48 × 10−6 m/s. There are some differences amongst the dissolution rate coefficients of different cokes despite interacting with similar carbon-iron melts, with coke 1 of 7.98 × 10−6 m/s, coke 2 of 5.17 × 10−6 m/s, and coke 3 of 3.77 × 10−6 m/s. Besides, this index decreases with the increase of the dissolution time and solely depends on the procedure of the mass transfer. A negative correlation is demonstrated between kt and the sulfur content in the iron bath as well. The content of silicon dioxide in the coke has a significant influence on kt. Additionally, the dissolution rate coefficient increases with the increase of the graphitization degree of coke.


2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2019) ◽  
pp. 767-772
Author(s):  
Xing-Le Liu ◽  
Zheng-jian Liu ◽  
Jian-liang Zhang ◽  
Xiang-dong Xing

AbstractThe amount of dust produced from the blast furnace is very large, and this paper proposed a new method for comprehensive utilization of blast furnace dust. Firstly, cold bonded agglomerates directly put into the iron groove were made by blast furnace dust. The cold bonded agglomerates were reduced and melted by the energy of molten iron, and the valuable elements such as Fe reduced into molten iron and zinc existed in rich-Zn dust in the cold bonded agglomerates could be recovered. In order to simulate this process, the reduction behavior of cold bonded agglomerate in the iron bath was studied, and the reduction mechanism were analyzed by Factsage calculation and SEM-EDS. The results showed that: in the slag phase, there were small metallic iron particles dispersed and hard to gather. The main reason for this phenomenon is due to the hindrance role of the carbon residue in the agglomerates, and the problem could be solved through adding magnetite concentrate in cold bonded agglomerates.


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